Suyya’s Flood: Numerical Models of Kashmir’s Medieval Megaflood and Ancient Lake Kerewa Drainage Events
In the mid-ninth century, an earthquake triggered a landslide that blocked the narrow gorge of the Jhelum River where it exits the Kashmir Valley. The landslide impounded a lake that extended ≈100 km along the floor of the valley, implying an impounded volume of ≤21 km3, flooding the capital, Srinag...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-12-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.3389/esss.2021.10040 |
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| author | Muntaha Urooj Roger Bilham Bikram S. Bali S. Imran Ahmed |
| author_facet | Muntaha Urooj Roger Bilham Bikram S. Bali S. Imran Ahmed |
| author_sort | Muntaha Urooj |
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| description | In the mid-ninth century, an earthquake triggered a landslide that blocked the narrow gorge of the Jhelum River where it exits the Kashmir Valley. The landslide impounded a lake that extended ≈100 km along the floor of the valley, implying an impounded volume of ≤21 km3, flooding the capital, Srinagar, and much agricultural land. An engineered breach of the landslide was contrived by a Medieval engineer resulting in the catastrophic release of flood waters. Using reasonable assumptions we calculate the probable minimum drainage time of this Medieval flood (<4 days) and maximum downstream surge velocities (≈12 m/s). These would have been sufficient to transport boulders in the bed of the Jhelum with dimensions of ≈6 m, consistent with those currently present in some reaches of the river. Given the morphology of the Jhelum gorge we consider that landslide outburst floods may have been common in Kashmir’s history. Ancient shorelines indicate that paleo-lake volumes in the Kashmir Valley may have exceeded 400 km3 which, were they released in catastrophic floods, would have been associated with potential downstream outburst velocities >32 m/s, able to transport boulders with dimensions ≈40 m, far in excess of any found in the course of the Jhelum or in the Punjab plains. Their absence suggests that Kashmir’s ancient lakes were not lowered by outburst mechanisms much exceeding those associated with Suyya’s flood. Present-day floods have been many tens of meters shallower than those impounded by landslides in the Jhelum in the past several thousands of years. A challenge for future study will be to date Kashmir’s ancient shorelines to learn how often landslides and major impoundment events may have occurred in the valley. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d3f9243ecc7a419bb16ef35fff1532cf |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2634-730X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| series | Earth Science, Systems and Society |
| spelling | doaj-art-d3f9243ecc7a419bb16ef35fff1532cf2025-01-10T14:04:27ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Earth Science, Systems and Society2634-730X2021-12-011110.3389/esss.2021.10040Suyya’s Flood: Numerical Models of Kashmir’s Medieval Megaflood and Ancient Lake Kerewa Drainage EventsMuntaha Urooj0Roger Bilham1Bikram S. Bali2S. Imran Ahmed3Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, PakistanCIRES and Geol Sci, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United StatesDeparment of Earth Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, IndiaDepartment of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, PakistanIn the mid-ninth century, an earthquake triggered a landslide that blocked the narrow gorge of the Jhelum River where it exits the Kashmir Valley. The landslide impounded a lake that extended ≈100 km along the floor of the valley, implying an impounded volume of ≤21 km3, flooding the capital, Srinagar, and much agricultural land. An engineered breach of the landslide was contrived by a Medieval engineer resulting in the catastrophic release of flood waters. Using reasonable assumptions we calculate the probable minimum drainage time of this Medieval flood (<4 days) and maximum downstream surge velocities (≈12 m/s). These would have been sufficient to transport boulders in the bed of the Jhelum with dimensions of ≈6 m, consistent with those currently present in some reaches of the river. Given the morphology of the Jhelum gorge we consider that landslide outburst floods may have been common in Kashmir’s history. Ancient shorelines indicate that paleo-lake volumes in the Kashmir Valley may have exceeded 400 km3 which, were they released in catastrophic floods, would have been associated with potential downstream outburst velocities >32 m/s, able to transport boulders with dimensions ≈40 m, far in excess of any found in the course of the Jhelum or in the Punjab plains. Their absence suggests that Kashmir’s ancient lakes were not lowered by outburst mechanisms much exceeding those associated with Suyya’s flood. Present-day floods have been many tens of meters shallower than those impounded by landslides in the Jhelum in the past several thousands of years. A challenge for future study will be to date Kashmir’s ancient shorelines to learn how often landslides and major impoundment events may have occurred in the valley.https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.3389/esss.2021.10040landslide induced floodsKashmirmega-boulder transportJhelum erosionHolocene mega floodsLake Kerewa |
| spellingShingle | Muntaha Urooj Roger Bilham Bikram S. Bali S. Imran Ahmed Suyya’s Flood: Numerical Models of Kashmir’s Medieval Megaflood and Ancient Lake Kerewa Drainage Events Earth Science, Systems and Society landslide induced floods Kashmir mega-boulder transport Jhelum erosion Holocene mega floods Lake Kerewa |
| title | Suyya’s Flood: Numerical Models of Kashmir’s Medieval Megaflood and Ancient Lake Kerewa Drainage Events |
| title_full | Suyya’s Flood: Numerical Models of Kashmir’s Medieval Megaflood and Ancient Lake Kerewa Drainage Events |
| title_fullStr | Suyya’s Flood: Numerical Models of Kashmir’s Medieval Megaflood and Ancient Lake Kerewa Drainage Events |
| title_full_unstemmed | Suyya’s Flood: Numerical Models of Kashmir’s Medieval Megaflood and Ancient Lake Kerewa Drainage Events |
| title_short | Suyya’s Flood: Numerical Models of Kashmir’s Medieval Megaflood and Ancient Lake Kerewa Drainage Events |
| title_sort | suyya s flood numerical models of kashmir s medieval megaflood and ancient lake kerewa drainage events |
| topic | landslide induced floods Kashmir mega-boulder transport Jhelum erosion Holocene mega floods Lake Kerewa |
| url | https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.3389/esss.2021.10040 |
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