An investigation into the comfort and neural response of textured visual stimuli in pediatric SSVEP-based BCI
Abstract Steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)-based brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) are widely used due to their reliability and possible training-free setup. Common SSVEP stimuli are high contrast and solidly colored, potentially causing discomfort and visual fatigue, particularly when hig...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Scientific Reports |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-09540-8 |
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| author | Emily Schrag Daniel Comaduran Marquez Adam Kirton Eli Kinney-Lang |
| author_facet | Emily Schrag Daniel Comaduran Marquez Adam Kirton Eli Kinney-Lang |
| author_sort | Emily Schrag |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)-based brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) are widely used due to their reliability and possible training-free setup. Common SSVEP stimuli are high contrast and solidly colored, potentially causing discomfort and visual fatigue, particularly when high stimulation frequencies are employed. To address this, textured stimuli, which may evoke visual responses in higher processing systems, have been proposed as an alternative to conventional flashing stimuli. We evaluate the effectiveness of textured stimuli for SSVEP-based BCIs by examining both user comfort and neural responses across different EEG channel subsets. Neurotypical participants aged 5–18 (n = 35, 57% female) were exposed to traditional and textured stimuli at three frequencies (9, 14, and 33 Hz) and asked to report perceived comfort. While textured stimuli were consistently rated as more comfortable, especially at lower frequencies, signal-to-noise ratio analysis indicated that they did not enhance neural responses compared to conventional stimuli. Classification accuracy was driven primarily by stimulation frequency rather than stimulus type and there was a sharp decline in accuracy at 33 Hz. These findings suggest that while textured stimuli improve user comfort, their utility in enhancing BCI performance remains unclear, warranting further investigation into stimulus design for SSVEP-based BCIs. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d3f3823d1d30482bbba565ec72a51c23 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
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| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-d3f3823d1d30482bbba565ec72a51c232025-08-20T04:01:52ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-07-0115111410.1038/s41598-025-09540-8An investigation into the comfort and neural response of textured visual stimuli in pediatric SSVEP-based BCIEmily Schrag0Daniel Comaduran Marquez1Adam Kirton2Eli Kinney-Lang3Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of CalgaryDepartment of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of CalgaryDepartment of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of CalgaryDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, University of CalgaryAbstract Steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)-based brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) are widely used due to their reliability and possible training-free setup. Common SSVEP stimuli are high contrast and solidly colored, potentially causing discomfort and visual fatigue, particularly when high stimulation frequencies are employed. To address this, textured stimuli, which may evoke visual responses in higher processing systems, have been proposed as an alternative to conventional flashing stimuli. We evaluate the effectiveness of textured stimuli for SSVEP-based BCIs by examining both user comfort and neural responses across different EEG channel subsets. Neurotypical participants aged 5–18 (n = 35, 57% female) were exposed to traditional and textured stimuli at three frequencies (9, 14, and 33 Hz) and asked to report perceived comfort. While textured stimuli were consistently rated as more comfortable, especially at lower frequencies, signal-to-noise ratio analysis indicated that they did not enhance neural responses compared to conventional stimuli. Classification accuracy was driven primarily by stimulation frequency rather than stimulus type and there was a sharp decline in accuracy at 33 Hz. These findings suggest that while textured stimuli improve user comfort, their utility in enhancing BCI performance remains unclear, warranting further investigation into stimulus design for SSVEP-based BCIs.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-09540-8Brain–computer interfaceBCISSVEPComfortPediatric BCI |
| spellingShingle | Emily Schrag Daniel Comaduran Marquez Adam Kirton Eli Kinney-Lang An investigation into the comfort and neural response of textured visual stimuli in pediatric SSVEP-based BCI Scientific Reports Brain–computer interface BCI SSVEP Comfort Pediatric BCI |
| title | An investigation into the comfort and neural response of textured visual stimuli in pediatric SSVEP-based BCI |
| title_full | An investigation into the comfort and neural response of textured visual stimuli in pediatric SSVEP-based BCI |
| title_fullStr | An investigation into the comfort and neural response of textured visual stimuli in pediatric SSVEP-based BCI |
| title_full_unstemmed | An investigation into the comfort and neural response of textured visual stimuli in pediatric SSVEP-based BCI |
| title_short | An investigation into the comfort and neural response of textured visual stimuli in pediatric SSVEP-based BCI |
| title_sort | investigation into the comfort and neural response of textured visual stimuli in pediatric ssvep based bci |
| topic | Brain–computer interface BCI SSVEP Comfort Pediatric BCI |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-09540-8 |
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