3D Printing in Oral Drug Delivery: Technologies, Clinical Applications and Future Perspectives in Precision Medicine
The recent advancement of 3D-printed drugs is an emerging technology that has the potential for effective and safe oral delivery of personalized treatment regimens to patients, replacing the current “one size fits all” philosophy. The objective of this literature review is to highlight the importanc...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Pharmaceuticals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/7/973 |
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| author | Zeena Saleh-Bey-Kinj Yael Heller Giannis Socratous Panayiota Christodoulou |
| author_facet | Zeena Saleh-Bey-Kinj Yael Heller Giannis Socratous Panayiota Christodoulou |
| author_sort | Zeena Saleh-Bey-Kinj |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The recent advancement of 3D-printed drugs is an emerging technology that has the potential for effective and safe oral delivery of personalized treatment regimens to patients, replacing the current “one size fits all” philosophy. The objective of this literature review is to highlight the importance of 3D-printing technology in the development of personalized treatments, focusing on Levetiracetam, the first FDA-approved 3D-printed drug, for the treatment of epilepsy. Levetiracetam serves as an ideal paradigm for exploring how precision medicine and 3D printing can be applied to improve treatment outcomes for other complex diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. 3D printing enables precise dosage and time-release profiles by modifying factors such as shape and size, and the combination of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and excipients, ensuring consistent therapeutic levels over the treatment period. Design of oral tablets with multiple compartments allows for simultaneous treatment with multiple APIs, each one with a different release profile, minimizing drug–drug interactions and side effects. This technology also supports on-demand production, making it particularly beneficial in resource-limited or urgent situations, and offers the flexibility to customize dosage forms. Additive manufacturing could be an important tool for developing personalized treatments to address the diverse medical needs of patients with complex diseases. Therefore, there is a need for more 3D-printed FDA-approved drugs in the biopharmaceutical industry to enable personalized treatment, improved patient compliance, and precise drug release control. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d3a86007b2a64b3c8f59ee5a6870c5fd |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1424-8247 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pharmaceuticals |
| spelling | doaj-art-d3a86007b2a64b3c8f59ee5a6870c5fd2025-08-20T03:08:10ZengMDPI AGPharmaceuticals1424-82472025-06-0118797310.3390/ph180709733D Printing in Oral Drug Delivery: Technologies, Clinical Applications and Future Perspectives in Precision MedicineZeena Saleh-Bey-Kinj0Yael Heller1Giannis Socratous2Panayiota Christodoulou3School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, 2404 Nicosia, CyprusSchool of Medicine, European University Cyprus, 2404 Nicosia, CyprusSchool of Medicine, European University Cyprus, 2404 Nicosia, CyprusSchool of Medicine, European University Cyprus, 2404 Nicosia, CyprusThe recent advancement of 3D-printed drugs is an emerging technology that has the potential for effective and safe oral delivery of personalized treatment regimens to patients, replacing the current “one size fits all” philosophy. The objective of this literature review is to highlight the importance of 3D-printing technology in the development of personalized treatments, focusing on Levetiracetam, the first FDA-approved 3D-printed drug, for the treatment of epilepsy. Levetiracetam serves as an ideal paradigm for exploring how precision medicine and 3D printing can be applied to improve treatment outcomes for other complex diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. 3D printing enables precise dosage and time-release profiles by modifying factors such as shape and size, and the combination of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and excipients, ensuring consistent therapeutic levels over the treatment period. Design of oral tablets with multiple compartments allows for simultaneous treatment with multiple APIs, each one with a different release profile, minimizing drug–drug interactions and side effects. This technology also supports on-demand production, making it particularly beneficial in resource-limited or urgent situations, and offers the flexibility to customize dosage forms. Additive manufacturing could be an important tool for developing personalized treatments to address the diverse medical needs of patients with complex diseases. Therefore, there is a need for more 3D-printed FDA-approved drugs in the biopharmaceutical industry to enable personalized treatment, improved patient compliance, and precise drug release control.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/7/973precision medicine3D printingepilepsyLevetiracetamdrug delivery |
| spellingShingle | Zeena Saleh-Bey-Kinj Yael Heller Giannis Socratous Panayiota Christodoulou 3D Printing in Oral Drug Delivery: Technologies, Clinical Applications and Future Perspectives in Precision Medicine Pharmaceuticals precision medicine 3D printing epilepsy Levetiracetam drug delivery |
| title | 3D Printing in Oral Drug Delivery: Technologies, Clinical Applications and Future Perspectives in Precision Medicine |
| title_full | 3D Printing in Oral Drug Delivery: Technologies, Clinical Applications and Future Perspectives in Precision Medicine |
| title_fullStr | 3D Printing in Oral Drug Delivery: Technologies, Clinical Applications and Future Perspectives in Precision Medicine |
| title_full_unstemmed | 3D Printing in Oral Drug Delivery: Technologies, Clinical Applications and Future Perspectives in Precision Medicine |
| title_short | 3D Printing in Oral Drug Delivery: Technologies, Clinical Applications and Future Perspectives in Precision Medicine |
| title_sort | 3d printing in oral drug delivery technologies clinical applications and future perspectives in precision medicine |
| topic | precision medicine 3D printing epilepsy Levetiracetam drug delivery |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/7/973 |
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