Modeling Dynamics of Water Balance for Lakes in the Northwest Tibetan Plateau with Satellite-Based Observations

The hydrological cycle in the Tibetan Plateau is experiencing notable changes in recent decades under a changing climate. The hydrological changes, however, are not well investigated due to the limitations in the availability of ground-based observations. In this study, by incorporating satellite-ba...

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Main Authors: Jiaheng Yan, Yanhong Wu, Yongkang Ren, Siqi Zheng, Hao Chen, Xuankai Teng
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-05-01
Series:Remote Sensing
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/9/1618
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author Jiaheng Yan
Yanhong Wu
Yongkang Ren
Siqi Zheng
Hao Chen
Xuankai Teng
author_facet Jiaheng Yan
Yanhong Wu
Yongkang Ren
Siqi Zheng
Hao Chen
Xuankai Teng
author_sort Jiaheng Yan
collection DOAJ
description The hydrological cycle in the Tibetan Plateau is experiencing notable changes in recent decades under a changing climate. The hydrological changes, however, are not well investigated due to the limitations in the availability of ground-based observations. In this study, by incorporating satellite-based observations into a hydrological modeling framework, seasonal and inter-annual dynamics of water balance for lakes in the northwest Tibetan Plateau are examined systematically for the period of 1990 to 2022. Satellite-based observations, including lake water area and water level, have been used to calibrate the hydrological model and to estimate lake water storage. The hydrological model performs satisfactorily, with the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE) exceeding 0.5 for all 15 studied lakes. It is found that inflow contributes over 70% of annual water gain for most lakes, while percolation accounts for a larger portion (>60%) of total water loss than evaporation. The studied lakes have expanded substantially, with regional average increasing rates in lake level and water storage of 0.38 m/a and 3.12 × 10<sup>8</sup> m<sup>3</sup>/a, respectively. Some lakes transitioned from shrinking to expanding around 1999, and expansion in most lakes has further accelerated since around 2012, primarily because of increased precipitation over the lake catchments, leading to greater inflow to the lakes. These findings provide important insights into understanding and predicting responses of lake water balance to climate change as well as for developing adaptative strategies.
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spelling doaj-art-d39fb0d03a6e435eaa5d7f2de772e6cb2025-08-20T02:31:12ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922025-05-01179161810.3390/rs17091618Modeling Dynamics of Water Balance for Lakes in the Northwest Tibetan Plateau with Satellite-Based ObservationsJiaheng Yan0Yanhong Wu1Yongkang Ren2Siqi Zheng3Hao Chen4Xuankai Teng5Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, ChinaKey Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, ChinaKey Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, ChinaCollege of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaKey Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, ChinaKey Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, ChinaThe hydrological cycle in the Tibetan Plateau is experiencing notable changes in recent decades under a changing climate. The hydrological changes, however, are not well investigated due to the limitations in the availability of ground-based observations. In this study, by incorporating satellite-based observations into a hydrological modeling framework, seasonal and inter-annual dynamics of water balance for lakes in the northwest Tibetan Plateau are examined systematically for the period of 1990 to 2022. Satellite-based observations, including lake water area and water level, have been used to calibrate the hydrological model and to estimate lake water storage. The hydrological model performs satisfactorily, with the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE) exceeding 0.5 for all 15 studied lakes. It is found that inflow contributes over 70% of annual water gain for most lakes, while percolation accounts for a larger portion (>60%) of total water loss than evaporation. The studied lakes have expanded substantially, with regional average increasing rates in lake level and water storage of 0.38 m/a and 3.12 × 10<sup>8</sup> m<sup>3</sup>/a, respectively. Some lakes transitioned from shrinking to expanding around 1999, and expansion in most lakes has further accelerated since around 2012, primarily because of increased precipitation over the lake catchments, leading to greater inflow to the lakes. These findings provide important insights into understanding and predicting responses of lake water balance to climate change as well as for developing adaptative strategies.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/9/1618hydrological modelremote sensingwater balanceclimate changeTibetan Plateau
spellingShingle Jiaheng Yan
Yanhong Wu
Yongkang Ren
Siqi Zheng
Hao Chen
Xuankai Teng
Modeling Dynamics of Water Balance for Lakes in the Northwest Tibetan Plateau with Satellite-Based Observations
Remote Sensing
hydrological model
remote sensing
water balance
climate change
Tibetan Plateau
title Modeling Dynamics of Water Balance for Lakes in the Northwest Tibetan Plateau with Satellite-Based Observations
title_full Modeling Dynamics of Water Balance for Lakes in the Northwest Tibetan Plateau with Satellite-Based Observations
title_fullStr Modeling Dynamics of Water Balance for Lakes in the Northwest Tibetan Plateau with Satellite-Based Observations
title_full_unstemmed Modeling Dynamics of Water Balance for Lakes in the Northwest Tibetan Plateau with Satellite-Based Observations
title_short Modeling Dynamics of Water Balance for Lakes in the Northwest Tibetan Plateau with Satellite-Based Observations
title_sort modeling dynamics of water balance for lakes in the northwest tibetan plateau with satellite based observations
topic hydrological model
remote sensing
water balance
climate change
Tibetan Plateau
url https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/9/1618
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