Thermoset Polyester Resin Microplastics: Effects on Enzymatic Biomarkers and Toxicological Endpoint Responses of <i>Eisenia fetida</i> Earthworms
Thermosets are plastic composite materials widely used in many industrial sectors of modern society with an increasing presence in the environment. The adverse effects of this material on environmental compartments and biota of thermosets are still unknown. In this work, we studied the potential eff...
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2025-07-01
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| author | David Amaya-Vías Gemma Albendín Vanessa Aranda-Quirós Rocío Rodríguez-Barroso Dolores Coello Juana María Arellano |
| author_facet | David Amaya-Vías Gemma Albendín Vanessa Aranda-Quirós Rocío Rodríguez-Barroso Dolores Coello Juana María Arellano |
| author_sort | David Amaya-Vías |
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| description | Thermosets are plastic composite materials widely used in many industrial sectors of modern society with an increasing presence in the environment. The adverse effects of this material on environmental compartments and biota of thermosets are still unknown. In this work, we studied the potential effects of two thermoset polyester resin-derived microplastics (R930A-SP and R930A-DVE1) on the survival, behavior, morphological changes and subcellular damage of earthworms <i>Eisenia fetida</i>. The proposed experimental conditions simulated environmentally relevant concentrations, taking as a reference other related microplastics present in the environment. Thus, <i>E. fetida</i> specimens were exposed to five concentrations (100, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg resin per kg soil) of these two resins for 14 days. At concentrations and exposure times studied, no significant effects on growth, measured as weight loss, or on the enzyme biomarkers (cholinesterase, carboxylesterase and glutathione S-transferase) were observed. Similarly, no behavioral changes were detected in earthworms, and the survival rate was 100%. Likewise, no differences were observed between the different formulations of the polyester resins studied. However, this study could serve as a starting point for further studies with higher concentrations and/or exposure times, as well as in combination with other pollutants. |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-d3783b8caf974a39bd3079f2caaa43d62025-08-20T03:32:19ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042025-07-0113760210.3390/toxics13070602Thermoset Polyester Resin Microplastics: Effects on Enzymatic Biomarkers and Toxicological Endpoint Responses of <i>Eisenia fetida</i> EarthwormsDavid Amaya-Vías0Gemma Albendín1Vanessa Aranda-Quirós2Rocío Rodríguez-Barroso3Dolores Coello4Juana María Arellano5Área de Toxicología, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), University of Cadiz, Av. República Saharaui, Puerto Real, 11510 Cadiz, SpainÁrea de Toxicología, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), University of Cadiz, Av. República Saharaui, Puerto Real, 11510 Cadiz, SpainÁrea de Toxicología, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), University of Cadiz, Av. República Saharaui, Puerto Real, 11510 Cadiz, SpainDepartamento de Tecnologías del Medio Ambiente, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), University of Cadiz, Av. República Saharaui, Puerto Real, 11510 Cadiz, SpainDepartamento de Tecnologías del Medio Ambiente, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), University of Cadiz, Av. República Saharaui, Puerto Real, 11510 Cadiz, SpainÁrea de Toxicología, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), University of Cadiz, Av. República Saharaui, Puerto Real, 11510 Cadiz, SpainThermosets are plastic composite materials widely used in many industrial sectors of modern society with an increasing presence in the environment. The adverse effects of this material on environmental compartments and biota of thermosets are still unknown. In this work, we studied the potential effects of two thermoset polyester resin-derived microplastics (R930A-SP and R930A-DVE1) on the survival, behavior, morphological changes and subcellular damage of earthworms <i>Eisenia fetida</i>. The proposed experimental conditions simulated environmentally relevant concentrations, taking as a reference other related microplastics present in the environment. Thus, <i>E. fetida</i> specimens were exposed to five concentrations (100, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg resin per kg soil) of these two resins for 14 days. At concentrations and exposure times studied, no significant effects on growth, measured as weight loss, or on the enzyme biomarkers (cholinesterase, carboxylesterase and glutathione S-transferase) were observed. Similarly, no behavioral changes were detected in earthworms, and the survival rate was 100%. Likewise, no differences were observed between the different formulations of the polyester resins studied. However, this study could serve as a starting point for further studies with higher concentrations and/or exposure times, as well as in combination with other pollutants.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/13/7/602thermoset microplasticspolyester resinsbiomarkers<i>E. fetida</i> |
| spellingShingle | David Amaya-Vías Gemma Albendín Vanessa Aranda-Quirós Rocío Rodríguez-Barroso Dolores Coello Juana María Arellano Thermoset Polyester Resin Microplastics: Effects on Enzymatic Biomarkers and Toxicological Endpoint Responses of <i>Eisenia fetida</i> Earthworms Toxics thermoset microplastics polyester resins biomarkers <i>E. fetida</i> |
| title | Thermoset Polyester Resin Microplastics: Effects on Enzymatic Biomarkers and Toxicological Endpoint Responses of <i>Eisenia fetida</i> Earthworms |
| title_full | Thermoset Polyester Resin Microplastics: Effects on Enzymatic Biomarkers and Toxicological Endpoint Responses of <i>Eisenia fetida</i> Earthworms |
| title_fullStr | Thermoset Polyester Resin Microplastics: Effects on Enzymatic Biomarkers and Toxicological Endpoint Responses of <i>Eisenia fetida</i> Earthworms |
| title_full_unstemmed | Thermoset Polyester Resin Microplastics: Effects on Enzymatic Biomarkers and Toxicological Endpoint Responses of <i>Eisenia fetida</i> Earthworms |
| title_short | Thermoset Polyester Resin Microplastics: Effects on Enzymatic Biomarkers and Toxicological Endpoint Responses of <i>Eisenia fetida</i> Earthworms |
| title_sort | thermoset polyester resin microplastics effects on enzymatic biomarkers and toxicological endpoint responses of i eisenia fetida i earthworms |
| topic | thermoset microplastics polyester resins biomarkers <i>E. fetida</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/13/7/602 |
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