Influence of Overcharge Abuse on the Thermal-Electrochemical Performance of Sodium Ion Cells

Thermal safety issues of sodium-ion batteries have become a major challenge, particularly under abusive conditions where the risk of thermal runaway is heightened. This study investigates the effects of overcharging on the thermal safety of sodium-ion batteries. Discharge capacity and time, internal...

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Main Authors: Jiangyun Zhang, Ruli Zhang, Fei Duan, Mingli Niu, Guoqing Zhang, Ting Huang, Xiaoyong Wang, Yuliang Wen, Ning Xu, Xin Liu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-07-01
Series:Energies
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/13/3580
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author Jiangyun Zhang
Ruli Zhang
Fei Duan
Mingli Niu
Guoqing Zhang
Ting Huang
Xiaoyong Wang
Yuliang Wen
Ning Xu
Xin Liu
author_facet Jiangyun Zhang
Ruli Zhang
Fei Duan
Mingli Niu
Guoqing Zhang
Ting Huang
Xiaoyong Wang
Yuliang Wen
Ning Xu
Xin Liu
author_sort Jiangyun Zhang
collection DOAJ
description Thermal safety issues of sodium-ion batteries have become a major challenge, particularly under abusive conditions where the risk of thermal runaway is heightened. This study investigates the effects of overcharging on the thermal safety of sodium-ion batteries. Discharge capacity and time, internal resistance, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (<i>EIS</i>) at different states of charge (<i>SOCs</i>) are analyzed. Additionally, heat generation behaviors are evaluated at both normal/elevated temperatures. It is found that the overcharged batteries (<i>OBs</i>) demonstrate a significant increase in internal resistance from 46.72 Ω to 65.99 Ω. The discharge time of <i>OBs</i> at 1 C current (the ratio of the rate at which a battery discharges per unit time to its rated capacity) is reduced by 4.26% compared to normal batteries (<i>NBs</i>). The peak temperature and temperature difference increase by 5.6% and 36.1%, respectively. When discharged at 1 C at 40 °C, <i>OBs</i> have a 5.47% reduction in discharge time compared to <i>NBs</i>. Furthermore, the <i>OBs</i> exhibit an increase in the peak discharge temperature and temperature difference of 0.99 °C and 0.4 °C, respectively. Microscopic analysis of the electrode materials makes clear the irreversible damage to the internal structures of the sodium-ion battery caused by overcharging. This study potentially provides fundamental data support and theoretical insights for sodium-ion battery module thermal safety.
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spelling doaj-art-d33432e9e01a4dc4a594679ff85b656f2025-08-20T03:28:33ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732025-07-011813358010.3390/en18133580Influence of Overcharge Abuse on the Thermal-Electrochemical Performance of Sodium Ion CellsJiangyun Zhang0Ruli Zhang1Fei Duan2Mingli Niu3Guoqing Zhang4Ting Huang5Xiaoyong Wang6Yuliang Wen7Ning Xu8Xin Liu9School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaSchool of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaSchool of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639789, SingaporeDepartment of Electric Power Engineering, Guangdong Polytechnic of Water Resources and Electric Engineering, Guangzhou 510925, ChinaSchool of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaInternational Copper Association, Room 2582, 25F, 381 Huaihai Zhong Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai 200020, ChinaDongguan Guixiang Insulation Material Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523861, ChinaDongguan Guixiang Insulation Material Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523861, ChinaGuangdong Greenway Technology Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523000, ChinaGuangdong Greenway Technology Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523000, ChinaThermal safety issues of sodium-ion batteries have become a major challenge, particularly under abusive conditions where the risk of thermal runaway is heightened. This study investigates the effects of overcharging on the thermal safety of sodium-ion batteries. Discharge capacity and time, internal resistance, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (<i>EIS</i>) at different states of charge (<i>SOCs</i>) are analyzed. Additionally, heat generation behaviors are evaluated at both normal/elevated temperatures. It is found that the overcharged batteries (<i>OBs</i>) demonstrate a significant increase in internal resistance from 46.72 Ω to 65.99 Ω. The discharge time of <i>OBs</i> at 1 C current (the ratio of the rate at which a battery discharges per unit time to its rated capacity) is reduced by 4.26% compared to normal batteries (<i>NBs</i>). The peak temperature and temperature difference increase by 5.6% and 36.1%, respectively. When discharged at 1 C at 40 °C, <i>OBs</i> have a 5.47% reduction in discharge time compared to <i>NBs</i>. Furthermore, the <i>OBs</i> exhibit an increase in the peak discharge temperature and temperature difference of 0.99 °C and 0.4 °C, respectively. Microscopic analysis of the electrode materials makes clear the irreversible damage to the internal structures of the sodium-ion battery caused by overcharging. This study potentially provides fundamental data support and theoretical insights for sodium-ion battery module thermal safety.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/13/3580overchargingabusethermal-electrical characteristicssodium-ion batteriesthermal safety
spellingShingle Jiangyun Zhang
Ruli Zhang
Fei Duan
Mingli Niu
Guoqing Zhang
Ting Huang
Xiaoyong Wang
Yuliang Wen
Ning Xu
Xin Liu
Influence of Overcharge Abuse on the Thermal-Electrochemical Performance of Sodium Ion Cells
Energies
overcharging
abuse
thermal-electrical characteristics
sodium-ion batteries
thermal safety
title Influence of Overcharge Abuse on the Thermal-Electrochemical Performance of Sodium Ion Cells
title_full Influence of Overcharge Abuse on the Thermal-Electrochemical Performance of Sodium Ion Cells
title_fullStr Influence of Overcharge Abuse on the Thermal-Electrochemical Performance of Sodium Ion Cells
title_full_unstemmed Influence of Overcharge Abuse on the Thermal-Electrochemical Performance of Sodium Ion Cells
title_short Influence of Overcharge Abuse on the Thermal-Electrochemical Performance of Sodium Ion Cells
title_sort influence of overcharge abuse on the thermal electrochemical performance of sodium ion cells
topic overcharging
abuse
thermal-electrical characteristics
sodium-ion batteries
thermal safety
url https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/13/3580
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