Effect of approximate system training on mathematical ability

An approximate number system (ANS) enables individuals to estimate and mentally manipulate quantities without using any form of numerical symbols. Controlling the balance of gender ratio, 51 college students aged 19–24 years were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. Furthermore, the...

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Main Authors: Jian Zhu, Qing Liu, Wenjuan Zhang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Taylor & Francis Group 2025-12-01
Series:Cogent Psychology
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/23311908.2025.2496026
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author Jian Zhu
Qing Liu
Wenjuan Zhang
author_facet Jian Zhu
Qing Liu
Wenjuan Zhang
author_sort Jian Zhu
collection DOAJ
description An approximate number system (ANS) enables individuals to estimate and mentally manipulate quantities without using any form of numerical symbols. Controlling the balance of gender ratio, 51 college students aged 19–24 years were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. Furthermore, the arithmetic fluency test was used as the pre-post test. The intervention and control groups underwent approximate arithmetic and general knowledge training for 5 days and 20 min per day, respectively. The results showed no significant difference in the pre-test score of arithmetic fluency between the intervention and the control group, the post-test score was significantly higher than the pre-test score, and the improvement in arithmetic fluency in the intervention group was significantly higher than that in the control group. The degree of gain in mathematical fluency was similar for both sexes, with no apparent disparities. This study shows that approximate arithmetic training can effectively improve an individual’s arithmetic fluency, which cannot be attributed to the ‘practice effect’ or ‘placebo effect’ of the task. Furthermore, it shows that gender has no significant effect on the effectiveness of approximate arithmetic training.
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spelling doaj-art-d333cdb3f7c6415e841f8db808f0e7552025-08-20T03:14:46ZengTaylor & Francis GroupCogent Psychology2331-19082025-12-0112110.1080/23311908.2025.2496026Effect of approximate system training on mathematical abilityJian Zhu0Qing Liu1Wenjuan Zhang2College of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, ChinaCollege of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, ChinaMental Health Education Center, Xidian University, Xi’an, ChinaAn approximate number system (ANS) enables individuals to estimate and mentally manipulate quantities without using any form of numerical symbols. Controlling the balance of gender ratio, 51 college students aged 19–24 years were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. Furthermore, the arithmetic fluency test was used as the pre-post test. The intervention and control groups underwent approximate arithmetic and general knowledge training for 5 days and 20 min per day, respectively. The results showed no significant difference in the pre-test score of arithmetic fluency between the intervention and the control group, the post-test score was significantly higher than the pre-test score, and the improvement in arithmetic fluency in the intervention group was significantly higher than that in the control group. The degree of gain in mathematical fluency was similar for both sexes, with no apparent disparities. This study shows that approximate arithmetic training can effectively improve an individual’s arithmetic fluency, which cannot be attributed to the ‘practice effect’ or ‘placebo effect’ of the task. Furthermore, it shows that gender has no significant effect on the effectiveness of approximate arithmetic training.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/23311908.2025.2496026Approximate number systemapproximate arithmetic trainingmathematical abilitycognitive abilityarithmetic influencePsychological Science
spellingShingle Jian Zhu
Qing Liu
Wenjuan Zhang
Effect of approximate system training on mathematical ability
Cogent Psychology
Approximate number system
approximate arithmetic training
mathematical ability
cognitive ability
arithmetic influence
Psychological Science
title Effect of approximate system training on mathematical ability
title_full Effect of approximate system training on mathematical ability
title_fullStr Effect of approximate system training on mathematical ability
title_full_unstemmed Effect of approximate system training on mathematical ability
title_short Effect of approximate system training on mathematical ability
title_sort effect of approximate system training on mathematical ability
topic Approximate number system
approximate arithmetic training
mathematical ability
cognitive ability
arithmetic influence
Psychological Science
url https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/23311908.2025.2496026
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AT qingliu effectofapproximatesystemtrainingonmathematicalability
AT wenjuanzhang effectofapproximatesystemtrainingonmathematicalability