Algorithm-based intraoperative diagnosis of liver tumors using infrared spectroscopy

Abstract Liver cancer, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cholangiocellular carcinoma (CCC), and metastases, presents diagnostic challenges during surgery due to its infiltrative nature. Accurate intraoperative classification and margin assessment are crucial for improving outcomes. Current m...

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Main Authors: Rimante Bandzeviciute, Grit Preusse, Sascha Brückmann, Alexander Hirle, Anne Wedemann, Franziska Baenke, Marius Distler, Carina Riediger, Jürgen Weitz, Valdas Sablinskas, Justinas Ceponkus, Gerald Steiner, Christian Teske
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-06-01
Series:Scientific Reports
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-06250-z
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author Rimante Bandzeviciute
Grit Preusse
Sascha Brückmann
Alexander Hirle
Anne Wedemann
Franziska Baenke
Marius Distler
Carina Riediger
Jürgen Weitz
Valdas Sablinskas
Justinas Ceponkus
Gerald Steiner
Christian Teske
author_facet Rimante Bandzeviciute
Grit Preusse
Sascha Brückmann
Alexander Hirle
Anne Wedemann
Franziska Baenke
Marius Distler
Carina Riediger
Jürgen Weitz
Valdas Sablinskas
Justinas Ceponkus
Gerald Steiner
Christian Teske
author_sort Rimante Bandzeviciute
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Liver cancer, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cholangiocellular carcinoma (CCC), and metastases, presents diagnostic challenges during surgery due to its infiltrative nature. Accurate intraoperative classification and margin assessment are crucial for improving outcomes. Current methods, like frozen section analysis, are time-consuming and subjective, necessitating rapid, objective alternatives. This study assessed fiber-based attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR IR) spectroscopy combined with supervised machine learning for intraoperative liver tumor classification based on a holistic biochemical signature approach. Fresh liver tissue from 69 surgical patients was analyzed using a probe consisting of Ge ATR crystal and silver halide fibers. Supervised algorithms reliably classified normal tissue and tumor subtypes (HCC, CCC, metastases) using cross-validation and independent test sets. Normal liver tissue was distinguished primarily by differences in glycogen content and structural compactness of tumor tissue. Normal and tumor tissues were differentiated with a sensitivity of 0.89 and a specificity of 0.92. The accuracy of spectroscopic classification is 0.90. The three-group classification of tumor subtypes also yielded an average accuracy of 0.90. HCC is characterized by a higher glycogen content compared to CCC and metastases and can be identified spectroscopically with high reliability. CCC showed distinct protein-associated spectral signatures, while metastases exhibited unique profiles reflecting their different origins. In a minority of cases, misclassifications occurred, indicating potential for further refinement. Fiber-based ATR IR spectroscopy in combination with machine learning provides a rapid, objective, and highly accurate intraoperative tool for liver tumor classification. This label-free biochemical approach may enhance surgical precision and reduce recurrence risks across the full range of solid tumor entities.
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spelling doaj-art-d3080b5e3e1e4b8b9f0b967760edce972025-08-20T03:22:45ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-06-0115111210.1038/s41598-025-06250-zAlgorithm-based intraoperative diagnosis of liver tumors using infrared spectroscopyRimante Bandzeviciute0Grit Preusse1Sascha Brückmann2Alexander Hirle3Anne Wedemann4Franziska Baenke5Marius Distler6Carina Riediger7Jürgen Weitz8Valdas Sablinskas9Justinas Ceponkus10Gerald Steiner11Christian Teske12Institute of Chemical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius UniversityDepartment of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, University Hospital, Technische Universität DresdenInstitute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav CarusDepartment of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität DresdenDepartment of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität DresdenDepartment of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität DresdenDepartment of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität DresdenDepartment of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität DresdenDepartment of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität DresdenInstitute of Chemical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius UniversityInstitute of Chemical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius UniversityDepartment of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, University Hospital, Technische Universität DresdenDepartment of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität DresdenAbstract Liver cancer, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cholangiocellular carcinoma (CCC), and metastases, presents diagnostic challenges during surgery due to its infiltrative nature. Accurate intraoperative classification and margin assessment are crucial for improving outcomes. Current methods, like frozen section analysis, are time-consuming and subjective, necessitating rapid, objective alternatives. This study assessed fiber-based attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR IR) spectroscopy combined with supervised machine learning for intraoperative liver tumor classification based on a holistic biochemical signature approach. Fresh liver tissue from 69 surgical patients was analyzed using a probe consisting of Ge ATR crystal and silver halide fibers. Supervised algorithms reliably classified normal tissue and tumor subtypes (HCC, CCC, metastases) using cross-validation and independent test sets. Normal liver tissue was distinguished primarily by differences in glycogen content and structural compactness of tumor tissue. Normal and tumor tissues were differentiated with a sensitivity of 0.89 and a specificity of 0.92. The accuracy of spectroscopic classification is 0.90. The three-group classification of tumor subtypes also yielded an average accuracy of 0.90. HCC is characterized by a higher glycogen content compared to CCC and metastases and can be identified spectroscopically with high reliability. CCC showed distinct protein-associated spectral signatures, while metastases exhibited unique profiles reflecting their different origins. In a minority of cases, misclassifications occurred, indicating potential for further refinement. Fiber-based ATR IR spectroscopy in combination with machine learning provides a rapid, objective, and highly accurate intraoperative tool for liver tumor classification. This label-free biochemical approach may enhance surgical precision and reduce recurrence risks across the full range of solid tumor entities.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-06250-z
spellingShingle Rimante Bandzeviciute
Grit Preusse
Sascha Brückmann
Alexander Hirle
Anne Wedemann
Franziska Baenke
Marius Distler
Carina Riediger
Jürgen Weitz
Valdas Sablinskas
Justinas Ceponkus
Gerald Steiner
Christian Teske
Algorithm-based intraoperative diagnosis of liver tumors using infrared spectroscopy
Scientific Reports
title Algorithm-based intraoperative diagnosis of liver tumors using infrared spectroscopy
title_full Algorithm-based intraoperative diagnosis of liver tumors using infrared spectroscopy
title_fullStr Algorithm-based intraoperative diagnosis of liver tumors using infrared spectroscopy
title_full_unstemmed Algorithm-based intraoperative diagnosis of liver tumors using infrared spectroscopy
title_short Algorithm-based intraoperative diagnosis of liver tumors using infrared spectroscopy
title_sort algorithm based intraoperative diagnosis of liver tumors using infrared spectroscopy
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-06250-z
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