Comparative assessment of respiratory, hematological and inflammatory profiles of long-term users of cigarettes, shisha, and e-cigarettes in Saudi Arabia
Introduction Globally, over 1 billion people smoke, resulting in approximately 8 million deaths each year. Although the health risks associated with traditional cigarettes are extensively documented, there is an increasing need to evaluate the long-term effects of alternative tobacco products, parti...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
European Publishing
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Tobacco Induced Diseases |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.tobaccoinduceddiseases.org/Comparative-assessment-of-respiratory-hematological-and-inflammatory-profiles-of,202350,0,2.html |
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| Summary: | Introduction
Globally, over 1 billion people smoke, resulting in approximately 8
million deaths each year. Although the health risks associated with traditional
cigarettes are extensively documented, there is an increasing need to evaluate
the long-term effects of alternative tobacco products, particularly shisha, and
e-cigarettes. This study seeks to compare the respiratory, hematological, and
inflammatory profiles of long-term users of cigarettes, shisha, and e-cigarettes
in Saudi Arabia.
Methods
A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted at the Respiratory
Therapy laboratories of Batterjee Medical College (BMC), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,
between February 2022 and August 2023. It involved four groups: cigarette
smokers, shisha smokers, e-cigarette users, and non-smokers. Pulmonary
function tests (PFTs) measured FEV 1 , FVC, and other lung function parameters.
Hematological profiles, including WBC, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes,
and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, were assessed.
Results
Cigarette and shisha users demonstrated significantly reduced FEV 1
(cigarettes: 3.11 ± 0.54 L/s, shisha: 3.26 ± 0.71 L/s; p≤0.0001), FEV 1 (%
predicted: 81.63 ± 12.11 for cigarettes, 88.09 ± 12.92 for shisha; p≤0.0001), and
FVC (3.87 ± 0.68 L for cigarettes, 3.95 ± 0.880 L for shisha; p=0.004), compared
to non-smokers and e-cigarette users. Cigarette smokers exhibited significantly
elevated WBC (7.92 ± 2.84 ×10 9 /L; p≤0.001), neutrophil (4.03 ± 2.29 ×10 9 /L),
lymphocyte (2.95 ± 0.95 ×10 9 /L), and monocyte counts (0.67 ± 0.21 ×10 9 /L)
compared to non-smokers, shisha, and e-cigarette users (p≤0.0001). Cigarette
smokers and shisha smokers presented different lung function results but similar
inflammatory profiles. However, e-cigarette users demonstrated comparatively
higher lung function and lower inflammatory markers compared to both cigarette
and shisha users.
Cigarette smokers and Shisha smokers presented different lung function results but similar inflammatory profile. However, E-cigarette users demonstrated comparatively higher lung function and lower inflammatory markers compared to both cigarette and shisha users.
Conclusions
Compared to non-smokers, long-term cigarette and shisha smoking
is associated with airway obstructive changes and increased inflammatory
responses. Although e-cigarette users demonstrated lower inflammatory markers
and less deviation from normal PFT, some exhibited borderline values with
airway obstruction. Further research is needed to clarify the long-term health
consequences of e-cigarette use. |
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| ISSN: | 1617-9625 |