Crustal response to the 2024 September disastrous rainfall in the northern Noto Peninsula, Central Japan

Abstract Crustal response to the 2024 September heavy rain episode in the northern Noto Peninsula, Central Japan, was studied using a dense network of global navigation satellite system receiving stations. Over the region in and around the Noto Peninsula, the regionally integrated subsidence was pro...

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Main Authors: Shuo Zheng, Kosuke Heki, Jianli Chen, Zizhan Zhang, Haoming Yan
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: SpringerOpen 2025-07-01
Series:Earth, Planets and Space
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-025-02234-5
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author Shuo Zheng
Kosuke Heki
Jianli Chen
Zizhan Zhang
Haoming Yan
author_facet Shuo Zheng
Kosuke Heki
Jianli Chen
Zizhan Zhang
Haoming Yan
author_sort Shuo Zheng
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Crustal response to the 2024 September heavy rain episode in the northern Noto Peninsula, Central Japan, was studied using a dense network of global navigation satellite system receiving stations. Over the region in and around the Noto Peninsula, the regionally integrated subsidence was proportional to the daily rain, i.e., ~ 0.1 km3 volumetric subsidence occurred in response to 1 Gt daily rain. The subsidence lasted for only a day or so. These findings are consistent with past cases of elastic response of the Japanese Islands lithosphere to rain loading. We also found that a small island, to the north of the peninsula, subsided by a few centimeters on heavy rain days. This cannot be explained by terrestrial water storage loads within the island. Rainwater may have remained partly in the ocean surrounding the island and depressed the ocean floor as a surface load. Graphical Abstract
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series Earth, Planets and Space
spelling doaj-art-d2e077bb03bc48aca3d1a91eeed5adfe2025-08-20T03:04:22ZengSpringerOpenEarth, Planets and Space1880-59812025-07-017711710.1186/s40623-025-02234-5Crustal response to the 2024 September disastrous rainfall in the northern Noto Peninsula, Central JapanShuo Zheng0Kosuke Heki1Jianli Chen2Zizhan Zhang3Haoming Yan4Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics and Research Institute for Land and Space, The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHokkaido UniversityDepartment of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics and Research Institute for Land and Space, The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityState Key Laboratory of Precision Geodesy, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CASState Key Laboratory of Precision Geodesy, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CASAbstract Crustal response to the 2024 September heavy rain episode in the northern Noto Peninsula, Central Japan, was studied using a dense network of global navigation satellite system receiving stations. Over the region in and around the Noto Peninsula, the regionally integrated subsidence was proportional to the daily rain, i.e., ~ 0.1 km3 volumetric subsidence occurred in response to 1 Gt daily rain. The subsidence lasted for only a day or so. These findings are consistent with past cases of elastic response of the Japanese Islands lithosphere to rain loading. We also found that a small island, to the north of the peninsula, subsided by a few centimeters on heavy rain days. This cannot be explained by terrestrial water storage loads within the island. Rainwater may have remained partly in the ocean surrounding the island and depressed the ocean floor as a surface load. Graphical Abstracthttps://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-025-02234-5GNSS2024 heavy rain in Noto Peninsularain loadingsubsidence
spellingShingle Shuo Zheng
Kosuke Heki
Jianli Chen
Zizhan Zhang
Haoming Yan
Crustal response to the 2024 September disastrous rainfall in the northern Noto Peninsula, Central Japan
Earth, Planets and Space
GNSS
2024 heavy rain in Noto Peninsula
rain loading
subsidence
title Crustal response to the 2024 September disastrous rainfall in the northern Noto Peninsula, Central Japan
title_full Crustal response to the 2024 September disastrous rainfall in the northern Noto Peninsula, Central Japan
title_fullStr Crustal response to the 2024 September disastrous rainfall in the northern Noto Peninsula, Central Japan
title_full_unstemmed Crustal response to the 2024 September disastrous rainfall in the northern Noto Peninsula, Central Japan
title_short Crustal response to the 2024 September disastrous rainfall in the northern Noto Peninsula, Central Japan
title_sort crustal response to the 2024 september disastrous rainfall in the northern noto peninsula central japan
topic GNSS
2024 heavy rain in Noto Peninsula
rain loading
subsidence
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-025-02234-5
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AT jianlichen crustalresponsetothe2024septemberdisastrousrainfallinthenorthernnotopeninsulacentraljapan
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