Chemical Composition, Enantiomeric Distribution and Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Antienzymatic Activities of Essential Oil from Leaves of <i>Citrus</i> x <i>limonia</i>
<i>Citrus</i> x <i>limonia</i> is an aromatic species belonging to the Rutaceae family. In the present study, the chemical composition, enantiomeric distribution, and biological activity of the essential oil isolated from leaves of <i>Citrus</i> x <i>limonia...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-02-01
|
| Series: | Molecules |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/4/937 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1849719861383528448 |
|---|---|
| author | Eduardo Valarezo Laura Toledo-Ruiz Wolter Coque-Saetama Alfredo Caraguay-Martínez Ximena Jaramillo-Fierro Nixon Cumbicus Miguel Angel Meneses |
| author_facet | Eduardo Valarezo Laura Toledo-Ruiz Wolter Coque-Saetama Alfredo Caraguay-Martínez Ximena Jaramillo-Fierro Nixon Cumbicus Miguel Angel Meneses |
| author_sort | Eduardo Valarezo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Citrus</i> x <i>limonia</i> is an aromatic species belonging to the Rutaceae family. In the present study, the chemical composition, enantiomeric distribution, and biological activity of the essential oil isolated from leaves of <i>Citrus</i> x <i>limonia</i> were determined. The essential oil was extracted through hydrodistillation. The chemical composition of the essential oil was determined by gas chromatography (GC) coupled to a flame ionization detector (GC-FID), and a mass spectrometer detector (GC-MS) using a nonpolar column. The enantiomeric distribution was performed using two enantioselective chromatographic columns. Antimicrobial activity was determined using the broth microdilution method. The antimicrobial activity was tested against eight bacteria and two fungi. The antioxidant activity was determined through ABTS and DPPH methods. The spectrophotometric method was used to determine anticholinesterase activity. In the essential oil, forty-three compounds were identified. These compounds represent 99.13% of the total composition. Monoterpene hydrocarbons were the most representative group in number of compounds (fourteen) and in terms of relative abundance (65.67%). The main constituent is found to be limonene (25.37 ± 0.80%), <i>β</i>-pinene (23.29 ± 0.15%) and sabinene (8.35 ± 0.10%). Six pairs of enantiomers were identified in the essential oil from fruits of <i>Citrus</i> x <i>limonia</i>. The essential oil showed moderate antibacterial activity against Gram-positive cocci <i>Enterococcus faecalis,</i> and Gram-positive bacillus <i>Lysteria monocytogenes</i> with a MIC of 1000 μg/mL. The oil exhibited strong antifungal activity against fungi <i>Aspergillus niger</i>, and yeasts <i>Candida albicans</i> with a MIC of 250 and 500 μg/mL, respectively. The antioxidant activity of essential oil was weak in ABTS method with a SC<sub>50</sub> of 9.12 mg/mL. Additionally, the essential oil presented moderate anticholinesterase activity with an IC<sub>50</sub> of 71.02 ± 1.02 µg/mL. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d2d125d7b9c846f8b76990108c838cfc |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-d2d125d7b9c846f8b76990108c838cfc2025-08-20T03:12:04ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-02-0130493710.3390/molecules30040937Chemical Composition, Enantiomeric Distribution and Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Antienzymatic Activities of Essential Oil from Leaves of <i>Citrus</i> x <i>limonia</i>Eduardo Valarezo0Laura Toledo-Ruiz1Wolter Coque-Saetama2Alfredo Caraguay-Martínez3Ximena Jaramillo-Fierro4Nixon Cumbicus5Miguel Angel Meneses6Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, EcuadorCarrera de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, EcuadorCarrera de Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, EcuadorDepartamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, EcuadorDepartamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, EcuadorDepartamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, EcuadorDepartamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador<i>Citrus</i> x <i>limonia</i> is an aromatic species belonging to the Rutaceae family. In the present study, the chemical composition, enantiomeric distribution, and biological activity of the essential oil isolated from leaves of <i>Citrus</i> x <i>limonia</i> were determined. The essential oil was extracted through hydrodistillation. The chemical composition of the essential oil was determined by gas chromatography (GC) coupled to a flame ionization detector (GC-FID), and a mass spectrometer detector (GC-MS) using a nonpolar column. The enantiomeric distribution was performed using two enantioselective chromatographic columns. Antimicrobial activity was determined using the broth microdilution method. The antimicrobial activity was tested against eight bacteria and two fungi. The antioxidant activity was determined through ABTS and DPPH methods. The spectrophotometric method was used to determine anticholinesterase activity. In the essential oil, forty-three compounds were identified. These compounds represent 99.13% of the total composition. Monoterpene hydrocarbons were the most representative group in number of compounds (fourteen) and in terms of relative abundance (65.67%). The main constituent is found to be limonene (25.37 ± 0.80%), <i>β</i>-pinene (23.29 ± 0.15%) and sabinene (8.35 ± 0.10%). Six pairs of enantiomers were identified in the essential oil from fruits of <i>Citrus</i> x <i>limonia</i>. The essential oil showed moderate antibacterial activity against Gram-positive cocci <i>Enterococcus faecalis,</i> and Gram-positive bacillus <i>Lysteria monocytogenes</i> with a MIC of 1000 μg/mL. The oil exhibited strong antifungal activity against fungi <i>Aspergillus niger</i>, and yeasts <i>Candida albicans</i> with a MIC of 250 and 500 μg/mL, respectively. The antioxidant activity of essential oil was weak in ABTS method with a SC<sub>50</sub> of 9.12 mg/mL. Additionally, the essential oil presented moderate anticholinesterase activity with an IC<sub>50</sub> of 71.02 ± 1.02 µg/mL.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/4/937biological activityGC-MS(−)-(4<i>S</i>), (+)-(4<i>R</i>), limonene(+)-(1<i>R</i>,5<i>R</i>)-<i>β</i>-pinene(−)-(1<i>S</i>,5<i>S</i>)-<i>β</i>-pinene |
| spellingShingle | Eduardo Valarezo Laura Toledo-Ruiz Wolter Coque-Saetama Alfredo Caraguay-Martínez Ximena Jaramillo-Fierro Nixon Cumbicus Miguel Angel Meneses Chemical Composition, Enantiomeric Distribution and Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Antienzymatic Activities of Essential Oil from Leaves of <i>Citrus</i> x <i>limonia</i> Molecules biological activity GC-MS (−)-(4<i>S</i>), (+)-(4<i>R</i>), limonene (+)-(1<i>R</i>,5<i>R</i>)-<i>β</i>-pinene (−)-(1<i>S</i>,5<i>S</i>)-<i>β</i>-pinene |
| title | Chemical Composition, Enantiomeric Distribution and Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Antienzymatic Activities of Essential Oil from Leaves of <i>Citrus</i> x <i>limonia</i> |
| title_full | Chemical Composition, Enantiomeric Distribution and Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Antienzymatic Activities of Essential Oil from Leaves of <i>Citrus</i> x <i>limonia</i> |
| title_fullStr | Chemical Composition, Enantiomeric Distribution and Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Antienzymatic Activities of Essential Oil from Leaves of <i>Citrus</i> x <i>limonia</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chemical Composition, Enantiomeric Distribution and Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Antienzymatic Activities of Essential Oil from Leaves of <i>Citrus</i> x <i>limonia</i> |
| title_short | Chemical Composition, Enantiomeric Distribution and Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Antienzymatic Activities of Essential Oil from Leaves of <i>Citrus</i> x <i>limonia</i> |
| title_sort | chemical composition enantiomeric distribution and antimicrobial antioxidant and antienzymatic activities of essential oil from leaves of i citrus i x i limonia i |
| topic | biological activity GC-MS (−)-(4<i>S</i>), (+)-(4<i>R</i>), limonene (+)-(1<i>R</i>,5<i>R</i>)-<i>β</i>-pinene (−)-(1<i>S</i>,5<i>S</i>)-<i>β</i>-pinene |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/4/937 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT eduardovalarezo chemicalcompositionenantiomericdistributionandantimicrobialantioxidantandantienzymaticactivitiesofessentialoilfromleavesoficitrusixilimoniai AT lauratoledoruiz chemicalcompositionenantiomericdistributionandantimicrobialantioxidantandantienzymaticactivitiesofessentialoilfromleavesoficitrusixilimoniai AT woltercoquesaetama chemicalcompositionenantiomericdistributionandantimicrobialantioxidantandantienzymaticactivitiesofessentialoilfromleavesoficitrusixilimoniai AT alfredocaraguaymartinez chemicalcompositionenantiomericdistributionandantimicrobialantioxidantandantienzymaticactivitiesofessentialoilfromleavesoficitrusixilimoniai AT ximenajaramillofierro chemicalcompositionenantiomericdistributionandantimicrobialantioxidantandantienzymaticactivitiesofessentialoilfromleavesoficitrusixilimoniai AT nixoncumbicus chemicalcompositionenantiomericdistributionandantimicrobialantioxidantandantienzymaticactivitiesofessentialoilfromleavesoficitrusixilimoniai AT miguelangelmeneses chemicalcompositionenantiomericdistributionandantimicrobialantioxidantandantienzymaticactivitiesofessentialoilfromleavesoficitrusixilimoniai |