Insights into depolymerization of chitosan using acid hydrolysis, direct photolysis, and photocatalysis: A review
Chitosan is an important natural biopolymer, having a wide range of pharmaceutical, medical, and biomedical applications due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, nontoxicity, and ability to absorb bioactive compounds. These specific applications require low molecular weight chitosan (LMWC) due...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Results in Chemistry |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221171562500027X |
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| author | Nurul Amanina A. Suhaimi Nur Batrisyia Amirul Alessandra Anne Hasman Nurulizzatul Ningsheh M. Shahri Nur Nabaahah Roslan Harry Lik Hock Lau Cristina Pei Ying Kong Eny Kusrini Anwar Usman |
| author_facet | Nurul Amanina A. Suhaimi Nur Batrisyia Amirul Alessandra Anne Hasman Nurulizzatul Ningsheh M. Shahri Nur Nabaahah Roslan Harry Lik Hock Lau Cristina Pei Ying Kong Eny Kusrini Anwar Usman |
| author_sort | Nurul Amanina A. Suhaimi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Chitosan is an important natural biopolymer, having a wide range of pharmaceutical, medical, and biomedical applications due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, nontoxicity, and ability to absorb bioactive compounds. These specific applications require low molecular weight chitosan (LMWC) due to its better biodegradability, biocompatibility, bioactivity, and solubility in water when compared to as-prepared high molecular weight chitosan (HMWC) obtained from the deacetylation of chitin. The conventional methods to convert HMWCs to LMWCs include acid depolymerization and direct photolysis upon UV light irradiation. The use of highly concentrated acids unexpectedly modifies the functional groups of chitosan and has raised the environmental concerns. A recently proposed eco-friendly and efficient approach is advanced oxidation processes utilizing reactive oxygen species to destabilize the glycosidic linkages, followed by hydrolysis and scission of chitosan polymer chains. This review summarizes physical, chemical, and biological properties of chitosan, and applications of this biopolymer especially in pharmaceutical formulation, medicine, biomedicine, agriculture, and wastewater treatment, and insights into methodology, mechanism, and advantages of depolymerization of chitosan using acid hydrolysis, direct photolysis, and photocatalysis, as well as their challenges and limitations in terms of environmental concerns, chemical structure conservation, controllability, and toxicity. The challenges in scaling up the photocatalytic depolymerization process is also discussed based on recovery, reusability, and regeneration of the photocatalysts along with a use of specific facet and morphology of photocatalysts, nanometer-sized multi-phase photocatalysts, and proper photoreactor design and parameters optimization in the photocatalytic depolymerization of chitosan in the future. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d2935fb14c1a4a95bb84de4e5794fe87 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2211-7156 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Results in Chemistry |
| spelling | doaj-art-d2935fb14c1a4a95bb84de4e5794fe872025-01-29T05:01:07ZengElsevierResults in Chemistry2211-71562025-01-0113102044Insights into depolymerization of chitosan using acid hydrolysis, direct photolysis, and photocatalysis: A reviewNurul Amanina A. Suhaimi0Nur Batrisyia Amirul1Alessandra Anne Hasman2Nurulizzatul Ningsheh M. Shahri3Nur Nabaahah Roslan4Harry Lik Hock Lau5Cristina Pei Ying Kong6Eny Kusrini7Anwar Usman8Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei DarussalamDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei DarussalamDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei DarussalamDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei DarussalamDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei DarussalamDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei DarussalamDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei DarussalamDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus Baru UI, 16424 Depok, IndonesiaDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei Darussalam; Corresponding author.Chitosan is an important natural biopolymer, having a wide range of pharmaceutical, medical, and biomedical applications due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, nontoxicity, and ability to absorb bioactive compounds. These specific applications require low molecular weight chitosan (LMWC) due to its better biodegradability, biocompatibility, bioactivity, and solubility in water when compared to as-prepared high molecular weight chitosan (HMWC) obtained from the deacetylation of chitin. The conventional methods to convert HMWCs to LMWCs include acid depolymerization and direct photolysis upon UV light irradiation. The use of highly concentrated acids unexpectedly modifies the functional groups of chitosan and has raised the environmental concerns. A recently proposed eco-friendly and efficient approach is advanced oxidation processes utilizing reactive oxygen species to destabilize the glycosidic linkages, followed by hydrolysis and scission of chitosan polymer chains. This review summarizes physical, chemical, and biological properties of chitosan, and applications of this biopolymer especially in pharmaceutical formulation, medicine, biomedicine, agriculture, and wastewater treatment, and insights into methodology, mechanism, and advantages of depolymerization of chitosan using acid hydrolysis, direct photolysis, and photocatalysis, as well as their challenges and limitations in terms of environmental concerns, chemical structure conservation, controllability, and toxicity. The challenges in scaling up the photocatalytic depolymerization process is also discussed based on recovery, reusability, and regeneration of the photocatalysts along with a use of specific facet and morphology of photocatalysts, nanometer-sized multi-phase photocatalysts, and proper photoreactor design and parameters optimization in the photocatalytic depolymerization of chitosan in the future.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221171562500027XChitosanDepolymerizationAcid hydrolysisPhotolysisPhotocatalysis |
| spellingShingle | Nurul Amanina A. Suhaimi Nur Batrisyia Amirul Alessandra Anne Hasman Nurulizzatul Ningsheh M. Shahri Nur Nabaahah Roslan Harry Lik Hock Lau Cristina Pei Ying Kong Eny Kusrini Anwar Usman Insights into depolymerization of chitosan using acid hydrolysis, direct photolysis, and photocatalysis: A review Results in Chemistry Chitosan Depolymerization Acid hydrolysis Photolysis Photocatalysis |
| title | Insights into depolymerization of chitosan using acid hydrolysis, direct photolysis, and photocatalysis: A review |
| title_full | Insights into depolymerization of chitosan using acid hydrolysis, direct photolysis, and photocatalysis: A review |
| title_fullStr | Insights into depolymerization of chitosan using acid hydrolysis, direct photolysis, and photocatalysis: A review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Insights into depolymerization of chitosan using acid hydrolysis, direct photolysis, and photocatalysis: A review |
| title_short | Insights into depolymerization of chitosan using acid hydrolysis, direct photolysis, and photocatalysis: A review |
| title_sort | insights into depolymerization of chitosan using acid hydrolysis direct photolysis and photocatalysis a review |
| topic | Chitosan Depolymerization Acid hydrolysis Photolysis Photocatalysis |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221171562500027X |
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