Different Intercropped Soybean Planting Patterns Regulate Leaf Growth and Seed Quality
Solar radiation is crucial for intercropping, while partial shading can protect intercropped soybean leaves from irradiation damage during the pod-ripening period under high solar radiation. This study explored the leaf dynamics and soybean quality for the maize–soybean system, for monoculture soybe...
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MDPI AG
2025-03-01
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| Series: | Agronomy |
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| author | Wei He Qiang Chai Cai Zhao Wen Yin Hong Fan Aizhong Yu Zhilong Fan Falong Hu Yali Sun Feng Wang |
| author_facet | Wei He Qiang Chai Cai Zhao Wen Yin Hong Fan Aizhong Yu Zhilong Fan Falong Hu Yali Sun Feng Wang |
| author_sort | Wei He |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Solar radiation is crucial for intercropping, while partial shading can protect intercropped soybean leaves from irradiation damage during the pod-ripening period under high solar radiation. This study explored the leaf dynamics and soybean quality for the maize–soybean system, for monoculture soybean (MS), monoculture maize (MM), two-row maize + three-row soybean (IS2-3), and four-row maize + four-row soybean (IS4-4). The results revealed that soybean leaves under IS2-3 and IS4-4 treatments showed increases in Rubisco activity of 59.8% and 12.4% compared with MS, respectively. The antioxidant capacity in soybean leaves in MS was higher than that under intercropping treatments. Soybean leaves under IS2-3 and IS4-4 exhibited higher alpha and beta diversities in their endophytes compared with MS. The relative abundance of pathotrophs under IS2-3 was reduced by 19.1% and 22.6% compared to that of those under MS and IS4-4, respectively. The total land equivalent ratio (LER) under IS2-3 was more than 1.00, and increased by 6.4% and 15.7% compared with IS4-4 in 2023 and 2024, respectively. Soybean seeds under IS2-3 and IS4-4 showed 4.1% and 4.2% increases in crude protein content compared to those of MS, respectively. Among various biosynthesis and metabolism processes, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis exerted a stronger influence on soybean seeds in MS, IS2-3, and IS4-4. Soybean seeds under IS2-3 showed elevated genistein content and reduced daidzein content compared with those of MS. Intercropping soybean treatments, especially IS2-3, maintained leaf health during the pod-ripening period and enhanced the crude protein content compared with sole soybean treatment, thus guiding the design of intercropping in areas with high solar radiation. |
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| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
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| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj-art-d200375c698f43fabbcdf2fefa63d1b22025-08-20T02:24:42ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952025-03-0115488010.3390/agronomy15040880Different Intercropped Soybean Planting Patterns Regulate Leaf Growth and Seed QualityWei He0Qiang Chai1Cai Zhao2Wen Yin3Hong Fan4Aizhong Yu5Zhilong Fan6Falong Hu7Yali Sun8Feng Wang9State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, ChinaSolar radiation is crucial for intercropping, while partial shading can protect intercropped soybean leaves from irradiation damage during the pod-ripening period under high solar radiation. This study explored the leaf dynamics and soybean quality for the maize–soybean system, for monoculture soybean (MS), monoculture maize (MM), two-row maize + three-row soybean (IS2-3), and four-row maize + four-row soybean (IS4-4). The results revealed that soybean leaves under IS2-3 and IS4-4 treatments showed increases in Rubisco activity of 59.8% and 12.4% compared with MS, respectively. The antioxidant capacity in soybean leaves in MS was higher than that under intercropping treatments. Soybean leaves under IS2-3 and IS4-4 exhibited higher alpha and beta diversities in their endophytes compared with MS. The relative abundance of pathotrophs under IS2-3 was reduced by 19.1% and 22.6% compared to that of those under MS and IS4-4, respectively. The total land equivalent ratio (LER) under IS2-3 was more than 1.00, and increased by 6.4% and 15.7% compared with IS4-4 in 2023 and 2024, respectively. Soybean seeds under IS2-3 and IS4-4 showed 4.1% and 4.2% increases in crude protein content compared to those of MS, respectively. Among various biosynthesis and metabolism processes, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis exerted a stronger influence on soybean seeds in MS, IS2-3, and IS4-4. Soybean seeds under IS2-3 showed elevated genistein content and reduced daidzein content compared with those of MS. Intercropping soybean treatments, especially IS2-3, maintained leaf health during the pod-ripening period and enhanced the crude protein content compared with sole soybean treatment, thus guiding the design of intercropping in areas with high solar radiation.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/4/880maize–soybean intercroppingendophytecrude proteinisoflavone |
| spellingShingle | Wei He Qiang Chai Cai Zhao Wen Yin Hong Fan Aizhong Yu Zhilong Fan Falong Hu Yali Sun Feng Wang Different Intercropped Soybean Planting Patterns Regulate Leaf Growth and Seed Quality Agronomy maize–soybean intercropping endophyte crude protein isoflavone |
| title | Different Intercropped Soybean Planting Patterns Regulate Leaf Growth and Seed Quality |
| title_full | Different Intercropped Soybean Planting Patterns Regulate Leaf Growth and Seed Quality |
| title_fullStr | Different Intercropped Soybean Planting Patterns Regulate Leaf Growth and Seed Quality |
| title_full_unstemmed | Different Intercropped Soybean Planting Patterns Regulate Leaf Growth and Seed Quality |
| title_short | Different Intercropped Soybean Planting Patterns Regulate Leaf Growth and Seed Quality |
| title_sort | different intercropped soybean planting patterns regulate leaf growth and seed quality |
| topic | maize–soybean intercropping endophyte crude protein isoflavone |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/4/880 |
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