Worldwide Trend Observation and Analysis of Sheep Pox and Goat Pox Disease: A Descriptive 18-Year Study
Sheep and goat pox (SGP) are animal diseases of important economic impact which have been emerging into new geographic areas, including occasional incursions in disease free countries. The main objective of this study is to observe and analyse the global distribution of SGP during an 18-year period...
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2025-03-01
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| author | Juana Bianchini Maria-Eleni Filippitzi Claude Saegerman |
| author_facet | Juana Bianchini Maria-Eleni Filippitzi Claude Saegerman |
| author_sort | Juana Bianchini |
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| description | Sheep and goat pox (SGP) are animal diseases of important economic impact which have been emerging into new geographic areas, including occasional incursions in disease free countries. The main objective of this study is to observe and analyse the global distribution of SGP during an 18-year period (2005–2022). Countries’ SGP epidemiology was characterised by classifying them according to the frequency of reporting years. A negative binomial regression model was used to test for associations between the economic status of a country, the sheep and goat populations, the continent, and the likelihood of an SGP outbreak occurring. A change-point analysis was used to determine significant change points of outbreaks for 18 years. Countries which presented high endemic status were mostly located in the North African region, the Middle East, and Asia, in particular India and China. Economic status was found to be significant for outbreak occurrence in endemic countries, in contrast to countries with outbreaks occurring where other socio-economic factors influence the disease occurrence. The total sheep and goat population was found to be significantly associated with countries and regions. The change-point analysis showed that changes in outbreak occurrence were observed when countries with most reported outbreaks controlled the diseases. While the husbandry and social conditions that exist in certain regions, particularly of Africa and Asia, make the prospect of SGP eradication highly unlikely, an effective implementation of vaccination strategies and control policies would decrease the incidence of SGP, improving animal health and economics in affected countries. |
| format | Article |
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| issn | 1999-4915 |
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| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-d1f31b2bedaf4cd8a854e844df06f4602025-08-20T02:25:12ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152025-03-0117447910.3390/v17040479Worldwide Trend Observation and Analysis of Sheep Pox and Goat Pox Disease: A Descriptive 18-Year StudyJuana Bianchini0Maria-Eleni Filippitzi1Claude Saegerman2Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Science (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liege, BelgiumLaboratory of Animal Health Economics, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GreeceResearch Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Science (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liege, BelgiumSheep and goat pox (SGP) are animal diseases of important economic impact which have been emerging into new geographic areas, including occasional incursions in disease free countries. The main objective of this study is to observe and analyse the global distribution of SGP during an 18-year period (2005–2022). Countries’ SGP epidemiology was characterised by classifying them according to the frequency of reporting years. A negative binomial regression model was used to test for associations between the economic status of a country, the sheep and goat populations, the continent, and the likelihood of an SGP outbreak occurring. A change-point analysis was used to determine significant change points of outbreaks for 18 years. Countries which presented high endemic status were mostly located in the North African region, the Middle East, and Asia, in particular India and China. Economic status was found to be significant for outbreak occurrence in endemic countries, in contrast to countries with outbreaks occurring where other socio-economic factors influence the disease occurrence. The total sheep and goat population was found to be significantly associated with countries and regions. The change-point analysis showed that changes in outbreak occurrence were observed when countries with most reported outbreaks controlled the diseases. While the husbandry and social conditions that exist in certain regions, particularly of Africa and Asia, make the prospect of SGP eradication highly unlikely, an effective implementation of vaccination strategies and control policies would decrease the incidence of SGP, improving animal health and economics in affected countries.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/4/479sheep and goat poxgross domestic product per capitaendemic statuschange-point analysistrends observationtrends analysis |
| spellingShingle | Juana Bianchini Maria-Eleni Filippitzi Claude Saegerman Worldwide Trend Observation and Analysis of Sheep Pox and Goat Pox Disease: A Descriptive 18-Year Study Viruses sheep and goat pox gross domestic product per capita endemic status change-point analysis trends observation trends analysis |
| title | Worldwide Trend Observation and Analysis of Sheep Pox and Goat Pox Disease: A Descriptive 18-Year Study |
| title_full | Worldwide Trend Observation and Analysis of Sheep Pox and Goat Pox Disease: A Descriptive 18-Year Study |
| title_fullStr | Worldwide Trend Observation and Analysis of Sheep Pox and Goat Pox Disease: A Descriptive 18-Year Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Worldwide Trend Observation and Analysis of Sheep Pox and Goat Pox Disease: A Descriptive 18-Year Study |
| title_short | Worldwide Trend Observation and Analysis of Sheep Pox and Goat Pox Disease: A Descriptive 18-Year Study |
| title_sort | worldwide trend observation and analysis of sheep pox and goat pox disease a descriptive 18 year study |
| topic | sheep and goat pox gross domestic product per capita endemic status change-point analysis trends observation trends analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/4/479 |
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