Effects of Cadmium and Zinc on the Gamete Viability, Fertilization, and Embryonic Development of Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus)
Heavy metals are frequently reported for their mutagenic and teratogenic effects on benthic organisms. Thus, this study aimed to determine the toxicity of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) in the gametes of T. gratilla and to compare its fertilization and embryonic development under the highest nongametoto...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2016-01-01
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| Series: | Scientifica |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8175213 |
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| author | Ivan Patrick B. Tualla Jayzon G. Bitacura |
| author_facet | Ivan Patrick B. Tualla Jayzon G. Bitacura |
| author_sort | Ivan Patrick B. Tualla |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Heavy metals are frequently reported for their mutagenic and teratogenic effects on benthic organisms. Thus, this study aimed to determine the toxicity of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) in the gametes of T. gratilla and to compare its fertilization and embryonic development under the highest nongametotoxic concentrations of these heavy metals. Gamete viability of T. gratilla under CdCl2 and ZnSO4 treatments was assayed through resazurin reduction test (RRT) and was confirmed through gamete morphology assay. ZnSO4 was more toxic to T. gratilla gametes than CdCl2 and egg cells were more sensitive to both than the sperm cells. Higher concentrations of CdCl2 and ZnSO4 induced gamete apoptosis and necrosis while highest nongametotoxic concentrations were determined at 1 × 10−3 M and 1 × 10−4 M, respectively, and were used in an in vitro fertilization and embryonic development experiment. ZnSO4 treatment inhibited fertilization more than CdCl2 and yielded more deformed embryos, while both induced abnormalities and hindered further embryonic development. This study gives the first report on the specific concentrations of Cd and Zn that are toxic to T. gratilla gametes and has confirmed the teratogenic effects of these heavy metals. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d1e283c6b9b64e4d986fd06f90acb6ef |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2090-908X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2016-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
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| spelling | doaj-art-d1e283c6b9b64e4d986fd06f90acb6ef2025-08-20T02:19:43ZengWileyScientifica2090-908X2016-01-01201610.1155/2016/81752138175213Effects of Cadmium and Zinc on the Gamete Viability, Fertilization, and Embryonic Development of Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus)Ivan Patrick B. Tualla0Jayzon G. Bitacura1Department of Biological Sciences, Visayas State University, Visca, Baybay City, 6521-A Leyte, PhilippinesDepartment of Biological Sciences, Visayas State University, Visca, Baybay City, 6521-A Leyte, PhilippinesHeavy metals are frequently reported for their mutagenic and teratogenic effects on benthic organisms. Thus, this study aimed to determine the toxicity of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) in the gametes of T. gratilla and to compare its fertilization and embryonic development under the highest nongametotoxic concentrations of these heavy metals. Gamete viability of T. gratilla under CdCl2 and ZnSO4 treatments was assayed through resazurin reduction test (RRT) and was confirmed through gamete morphology assay. ZnSO4 was more toxic to T. gratilla gametes than CdCl2 and egg cells were more sensitive to both than the sperm cells. Higher concentrations of CdCl2 and ZnSO4 induced gamete apoptosis and necrosis while highest nongametotoxic concentrations were determined at 1 × 10−3 M and 1 × 10−4 M, respectively, and were used in an in vitro fertilization and embryonic development experiment. ZnSO4 treatment inhibited fertilization more than CdCl2 and yielded more deformed embryos, while both induced abnormalities and hindered further embryonic development. This study gives the first report on the specific concentrations of Cd and Zn that are toxic to T. gratilla gametes and has confirmed the teratogenic effects of these heavy metals.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8175213 |
| spellingShingle | Ivan Patrick B. Tualla Jayzon G. Bitacura Effects of Cadmium and Zinc on the Gamete Viability, Fertilization, and Embryonic Development of Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus) Scientifica |
| title | Effects of Cadmium and Zinc on the Gamete Viability, Fertilization, and Embryonic Development of Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus) |
| title_full | Effects of Cadmium and Zinc on the Gamete Viability, Fertilization, and Embryonic Development of Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus) |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Cadmium and Zinc on the Gamete Viability, Fertilization, and Embryonic Development of Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Cadmium and Zinc on the Gamete Viability, Fertilization, and Embryonic Development of Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus) |
| title_short | Effects of Cadmium and Zinc on the Gamete Viability, Fertilization, and Embryonic Development of Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus) |
| title_sort | effects of cadmium and zinc on the gamete viability fertilization and embryonic development of tripneustes gratilla linnaeus |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8175213 |
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