Concentrations, sources and health risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in ambient PM1 in the Pearl River Delta region, China
Most studies focus on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) concentrations in dust or particle phase, leaving PFAS in PM1 particles in urban areas poorly understood. This study investigated PFAS levels and sources in ambient PM1 from 94 primary and secondary schools across six cities in the Pea...
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Elsevier
2025-04-01
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| Series: | Environment International |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412025001904 |
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| author | Mo Yang Xuan Liu Shu-Li Xu Xin-Feng Wang Marjut Roponen Nan-Xiang Jin Jing-Wen Huang Qi-Zhen Wu Chu Chu Ming-Kun Sun Wen-Wen Bao Li-Zi Lin Zhao-Huan Gui Ru-Qing Liu Li-Wen Hu Bin Xu Guang-Hui Dong Pasi I. Jalava |
| author_facet | Mo Yang Xuan Liu Shu-Li Xu Xin-Feng Wang Marjut Roponen Nan-Xiang Jin Jing-Wen Huang Qi-Zhen Wu Chu Chu Ming-Kun Sun Wen-Wen Bao Li-Zi Lin Zhao-Huan Gui Ru-Qing Liu Li-Wen Hu Bin Xu Guang-Hui Dong Pasi I. Jalava |
| author_sort | Mo Yang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Most studies focus on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) concentrations in dust or particle phase, leaving PFAS in PM1 particles in urban areas poorly understood. This study investigated PFAS levels and sources in ambient PM1 from 94 primary and secondary schools across six cities in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) during October to December 2018. We analyzed 32 PFAS compounds in PM1, with total PFAS levels at 58.92 pg/m3, ranging from 7.33 to 341.77 pg/m3. Perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs) dominated (median: 38.85 pg/m3), followed by perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs, median: 11.92 pg/m3), alternatives (median: 1.24 pg/m3), and perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) precursors (median: 0.29 pg/m3). The main source for PFAS was organic synthesis industries (47.91 %). Air masses originated from southern China, the east coast, and the South China Sea. PFAS showed positive correlations with cations and anions. Health risk assessment using estimated daily intake (EDI) and hazard quotient (HQ) found very low inhalation risk (HQ < 1). Our results highlight pollution from local industrial production and the eastern coastal areas as being the primary contributor to airborne PFAS in PRD schools. Elevated PFAS levels in PM1 present potential health risks, and their interactions with other pollutants in PM1 reflect their complex origins and behaviors. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d1d5116e12b14f749bc82a77dbbf4b49 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 0160-4120 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Environment International |
| spelling | doaj-art-d1d5116e12b14f749bc82a77dbbf4b492025-08-20T02:12:10ZengElsevierEnvironment International0160-41202025-04-0119810943910.1016/j.envint.2025.109439Concentrations, sources and health risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in ambient PM1 in the Pearl River Delta region, ChinaMo Yang0Xuan Liu1Shu-Li Xu2Xin-Feng Wang3Marjut Roponen4Nan-Xiang Jin5Jing-Wen Huang6Qi-Zhen Wu7Chu Chu8Ming-Kun Sun9Wen-Wen Bao10Li-Zi Lin11Zhao-Huan Gui12Ru-Qing Liu13Li-Wen Hu14Bin Xu15Guang-Hui Dong16Pasi I. Jalava17Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, ChinaWest China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, ChinaDepartment of Environmental and School Hygiene Supervision, Public Health Service Center, Bao’an District, Shenzhen 518126, ChinaEnvironment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, ChinaInhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, FinlandA.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, 70210 Kuopio, FinlandGuangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, ChinaDepartment of Public Health, Nanning Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530023, China; Corresponding author at: Department of Public Health, Nanning Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No 55 Xiangzhu Road, Xingning District, Nanning 530023, China.Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Corresponding author at: Joint International Research Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510080, China.Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, FinlandMost studies focus on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) concentrations in dust or particle phase, leaving PFAS in PM1 particles in urban areas poorly understood. This study investigated PFAS levels and sources in ambient PM1 from 94 primary and secondary schools across six cities in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) during October to December 2018. We analyzed 32 PFAS compounds in PM1, with total PFAS levels at 58.92 pg/m3, ranging from 7.33 to 341.77 pg/m3. Perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs) dominated (median: 38.85 pg/m3), followed by perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs, median: 11.92 pg/m3), alternatives (median: 1.24 pg/m3), and perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) precursors (median: 0.29 pg/m3). The main source for PFAS was organic synthesis industries (47.91 %). Air masses originated from southern China, the east coast, and the South China Sea. PFAS showed positive correlations with cations and anions. Health risk assessment using estimated daily intake (EDI) and hazard quotient (HQ) found very low inhalation risk (HQ < 1). Our results highlight pollution from local industrial production and the eastern coastal areas as being the primary contributor to airborne PFAS in PRD schools. Elevated PFAS levels in PM1 present potential health risks, and their interactions with other pollutants in PM1 reflect their complex origins and behaviors.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412025001904Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)PM1SourcePearl River Delta region (PRD)Health risk |
| spellingShingle | Mo Yang Xuan Liu Shu-Li Xu Xin-Feng Wang Marjut Roponen Nan-Xiang Jin Jing-Wen Huang Qi-Zhen Wu Chu Chu Ming-Kun Sun Wen-Wen Bao Li-Zi Lin Zhao-Huan Gui Ru-Qing Liu Li-Wen Hu Bin Xu Guang-Hui Dong Pasi I. Jalava Concentrations, sources and health risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in ambient PM1 in the Pearl River Delta region, China Environment International Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) PM1 Source Pearl River Delta region (PRD) Health risk |
| title | Concentrations, sources and health risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in ambient PM1 in the Pearl River Delta region, China |
| title_full | Concentrations, sources and health risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in ambient PM1 in the Pearl River Delta region, China |
| title_fullStr | Concentrations, sources and health risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in ambient PM1 in the Pearl River Delta region, China |
| title_full_unstemmed | Concentrations, sources and health risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in ambient PM1 in the Pearl River Delta region, China |
| title_short | Concentrations, sources and health risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in ambient PM1 in the Pearl River Delta region, China |
| title_sort | concentrations sources and health risks of per and polyfluoroalkyl substances in ambient pm1 in the pearl river delta region china |
| topic | Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) PM1 Source Pearl River Delta region (PRD) Health risk |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412025001904 |
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