As-Built Performance of Net-Zero Energy, Emissions, and Cost Buildings: A Real-Life Case Study in Melbourne, Australia
This research investigated the real-world operational performance of five purposely designed and built net-zero-energy houses in Melbourne, Australia. The embodied energy and carbon emissions of these houses were calculated based on their architectural and engineering drawings, as well as the releva...
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MDPI AG
2024-11-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/14/11/3614 |
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| author | Morshed Alam William Graze Tom Graze Ingrid Graze |
| author_facet | Morshed Alam William Graze Tom Graze Ingrid Graze |
| author_sort | Morshed Alam |
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| description | This research investigated the real-world operational performance of five purposely designed and built net-zero-energy houses in Melbourne, Australia. The embodied energy and carbon emissions of these houses were calculated based on their architectural and engineering drawings, as well as the relevant databases of embodied energy and emission factors. Operational data, including solar production, consumption, end uses, battery usage, grid import, and grid export, were measured using the appropriate IoT devices from May 2023 to April 2024. The results showed that all the studied houses achieved net-zero energy and net-zero carbon status for operation, exporting between 3 to 37 times more energy than they consumed to the grid (except for house 2, where the consumption from the grid was zero). The embodied carbon of each case study house was calculated as 13.1 tons of CO<sub>2</sub>-e, which could be paid back within 4 to 9 years depending on the operational carbon. Achieving net-zero cost status, however, was found to be difficult due to the higher electricity purchase price, daily connection charge, and lower feed-in tariff. Only house 2 was close to achieving net zero cost with only AUD 37 out-of-pocket cost. Increasing the energy exported to the grid and storing the generated solar energy may help achieve net-zero cost. The installation of batteries did not affect the net-zero energy or emission status but had a significant impact on net-zero operational costs. However, the calculated payback period for the batteries installed in these five houses ranged from 43 to 112 years, making them impractical at this stage compared to the typical 10-year warranty period of the batteries. With rising electricity purchase prices, decreasing feed-in tariffs (potentially to zero in the future/already the case in some areas), and government incentives for battery installation, the payback period could be reduced, justifying their adoption. Moreover, the installed 13.5 kWh Tesla battery was too big for households with lower energy consumption like houses 2 and 5, which used only 25% of their total battery capacity most of the year. Therefore, selecting an appropriately sized battery based on household consumption could further help reduce the payback period. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d192c7703abc47b3bf816387ca3bb536 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2075-5309 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Buildings |
| spelling | doaj-art-d192c7703abc47b3bf816387ca3bb5362024-11-26T17:56:20ZengMDPI AGBuildings2075-53092024-11-011411361410.3390/buildings14113614As-Built Performance of Net-Zero Energy, Emissions, and Cost Buildings: A Real-Life Case Study in Melbourne, AustraliaMorshed Alam0William Graze1Tom Graze2Ingrid Graze3Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, AustraliaDepartment of Civil and Construction Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, AustraliaThe Zero Project, Melbourne, VIC 3020, AustraliaThe Zero Project, Melbourne, VIC 3020, AustraliaThis research investigated the real-world operational performance of five purposely designed and built net-zero-energy houses in Melbourne, Australia. The embodied energy and carbon emissions of these houses were calculated based on their architectural and engineering drawings, as well as the relevant databases of embodied energy and emission factors. Operational data, including solar production, consumption, end uses, battery usage, grid import, and grid export, were measured using the appropriate IoT devices from May 2023 to April 2024. The results showed that all the studied houses achieved net-zero energy and net-zero carbon status for operation, exporting between 3 to 37 times more energy than they consumed to the grid (except for house 2, where the consumption from the grid was zero). The embodied carbon of each case study house was calculated as 13.1 tons of CO<sub>2</sub>-e, which could be paid back within 4 to 9 years depending on the operational carbon. Achieving net-zero cost status, however, was found to be difficult due to the higher electricity purchase price, daily connection charge, and lower feed-in tariff. Only house 2 was close to achieving net zero cost with only AUD 37 out-of-pocket cost. Increasing the energy exported to the grid and storing the generated solar energy may help achieve net-zero cost. The installation of batteries did not affect the net-zero energy or emission status but had a significant impact on net-zero operational costs. However, the calculated payback period for the batteries installed in these five houses ranged from 43 to 112 years, making them impractical at this stage compared to the typical 10-year warranty period of the batteries. With rising electricity purchase prices, decreasing feed-in tariffs (potentially to zero in the future/already the case in some areas), and government incentives for battery installation, the payback period could be reduced, justifying their adoption. Moreover, the installed 13.5 kWh Tesla battery was too big for households with lower energy consumption like houses 2 and 5, which used only 25% of their total battery capacity most of the year. Therefore, selecting an appropriately sized battery based on household consumption could further help reduce the payback period.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/14/11/3614net-zero energynet-zero emissionnet-zero costTesla Powerwall 2.0 batteryembodied energybuilding operational performance |
| spellingShingle | Morshed Alam William Graze Tom Graze Ingrid Graze As-Built Performance of Net-Zero Energy, Emissions, and Cost Buildings: A Real-Life Case Study in Melbourne, Australia Buildings net-zero energy net-zero emission net-zero cost Tesla Powerwall 2.0 battery embodied energy building operational performance |
| title | As-Built Performance of Net-Zero Energy, Emissions, and Cost Buildings: A Real-Life Case Study in Melbourne, Australia |
| title_full | As-Built Performance of Net-Zero Energy, Emissions, and Cost Buildings: A Real-Life Case Study in Melbourne, Australia |
| title_fullStr | As-Built Performance of Net-Zero Energy, Emissions, and Cost Buildings: A Real-Life Case Study in Melbourne, Australia |
| title_full_unstemmed | As-Built Performance of Net-Zero Energy, Emissions, and Cost Buildings: A Real-Life Case Study in Melbourne, Australia |
| title_short | As-Built Performance of Net-Zero Energy, Emissions, and Cost Buildings: A Real-Life Case Study in Melbourne, Australia |
| title_sort | as built performance of net zero energy emissions and cost buildings a real life case study in melbourne australia |
| topic | net-zero energy net-zero emission net-zero cost Tesla Powerwall 2.0 battery embodied energy building operational performance |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/14/11/3614 |
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