Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Saliva Using a Nickel-Based Electrocatalyst
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an ongoing and chronic condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Early detection is one way to minimize the spread of AIDS. Current methods cannot reliably detect HIV in saliva samples due to the low concentration of viral particles in o...
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| Language: | English |
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IOP Publishing
2024-01-01
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| Series: | ECS Sensors Plus |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1149/2754-2726/ad9f80 |
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| author | Dipu Saha Ashwin Ramanujam Gerardine G. Botte |
| author_facet | Dipu Saha Ashwin Ramanujam Gerardine G. Botte |
| author_sort | Dipu Saha |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an ongoing and chronic condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Early detection is one way to minimize the spread of AIDS. Current methods cannot reliably detect HIV in saliva samples due to the low concentration of viral particles in oral fluid. A simple, label-free, rapid response and unprecedented nickel-based electrochemical biosensor was developed to detect HIV in saliva using a NiOOH electrocatalyst. The current response difference at an applied potential vs a reference electrode in the presence of HIV was the trait of this sensor. It is hypothesized that the HIV p24 protein blocks the active surface area of the sensor, causing the current response to drop, which increases as the concentration of HIV increases in saliva. Comparative analyses using proteins with varying chemical moieties demonstrated that the sensor’s response was triggered by the functional group’s presence in the HIV p24 protein. The sensor’s limit of detection in saliva is ∼48.40 × 10 ^–5 TCID _50 ml ^−1 HIV culture fluid. The sensor was utilized to successfully distinguish the current response of HIV in saliva from twelve different pathogens. Finally, the sensor replicated similar attributes with HIV-positive patient’s saliva during a clinical study, which makes it a state-of-the-art non-invasive rapid response HIV sensor. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d16f4153a54b49059915735c4ed2e87e |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2754-2726 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
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| series | ECS Sensors Plus |
| spelling | doaj-art-d16f4153a54b49059915735c4ed2e87e2025-08-20T02:55:46ZengIOP PublishingECS Sensors Plus2754-27262024-01-013404060210.1149/2754-2726/ad9f80Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Saliva Using a Nickel-Based ElectrocatalystDipu Saha0https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7089-7878Ashwin Ramanujam1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2155-0437Gerardine G. Botte2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5678-6669Chemical and Electrochemical Technology and Innovation Laboratory (CETI-Lab), Institute for Sustainability and Circular Economy (ISCE), Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States of AmericaChemical and Electrochemical Technology and Innovation Laboratory (CETI-Lab), Institute for Sustainability and Circular Economy (ISCE), Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States of AmericaChemical and Electrochemical Technology and Innovation Laboratory (CETI-Lab), Institute for Sustainability and Circular Economy (ISCE), Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States of AmericaAcquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an ongoing and chronic condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Early detection is one way to minimize the spread of AIDS. Current methods cannot reliably detect HIV in saliva samples due to the low concentration of viral particles in oral fluid. A simple, label-free, rapid response and unprecedented nickel-based electrochemical biosensor was developed to detect HIV in saliva using a NiOOH electrocatalyst. The current response difference at an applied potential vs a reference electrode in the presence of HIV was the trait of this sensor. It is hypothesized that the HIV p24 protein blocks the active surface area of the sensor, causing the current response to drop, which increases as the concentration of HIV increases in saliva. Comparative analyses using proteins with varying chemical moieties demonstrated that the sensor’s response was triggered by the functional group’s presence in the HIV p24 protein. The sensor’s limit of detection in saliva is ∼48.40 × 10 ^–5 TCID _50 ml ^−1 HIV culture fluid. The sensor was utilized to successfully distinguish the current response of HIV in saliva from twelve different pathogens. Finally, the sensor replicated similar attributes with HIV-positive patient’s saliva during a clinical study, which makes it a state-of-the-art non-invasive rapid response HIV sensor.https://doi.org/10.1149/2754-2726/ad9f80label-free electrochemical biosensorHIV detection in salivaHIV antigen diagnosisnickel HIV interactionp24 protein detection |
| spellingShingle | Dipu Saha Ashwin Ramanujam Gerardine G. Botte Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Saliva Using a Nickel-Based Electrocatalyst ECS Sensors Plus label-free electrochemical biosensor HIV detection in saliva HIV antigen diagnosis nickel HIV interaction p24 protein detection |
| title | Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Saliva Using a Nickel-Based Electrocatalyst |
| title_full | Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Saliva Using a Nickel-Based Electrocatalyst |
| title_fullStr | Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Saliva Using a Nickel-Based Electrocatalyst |
| title_full_unstemmed | Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Saliva Using a Nickel-Based Electrocatalyst |
| title_short | Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Saliva Using a Nickel-Based Electrocatalyst |
| title_sort | detection of human immunodeficiency virus in saliva using a nickel based electrocatalyst |
| topic | label-free electrochemical biosensor HIV detection in saliva HIV antigen diagnosis nickel HIV interaction p24 protein detection |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1149/2754-2726/ad9f80 |
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