Continuous-spin particles, on shell

Abstract We study on-shell scattering amplitudes for continuous-spin particles (CSPs). Poincaré invariance, little-group ISO(2) covariance, analyticity, and on-shell factorisation (unitarity) impose stringent conditions on these amplitudes. We solve them by realizing a non-trivial representation for...

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Main Authors: Brando Bellazzini, Stefano De Angelis, Marcello Romano
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: SpringerOpen 2025-05-01
Series:Journal of High Energy Physics
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP05(2025)166
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author Brando Bellazzini
Stefano De Angelis
Marcello Romano
author_facet Brando Bellazzini
Stefano De Angelis
Marcello Romano
author_sort Brando Bellazzini
collection DOAJ
description Abstract We study on-shell scattering amplitudes for continuous-spin particles (CSPs). Poincaré invariance, little-group ISO(2) covariance, analyticity, and on-shell factorisation (unitarity) impose stringent conditions on these amplitudes. We solve them by realizing a non-trivial representation for all little-group generators on the space of functions of bi-spinors. The three-point amplitudes are uniquely determined by matching their high-energy limit to that of definite-helicity (ordinary) massless particles. Four-point amplitudes are then bootstrapped using consistency conditions, allowing us to analyze the theory in a very transparent way, without relying on any off-shell Lagrangian formulation. We present several examples that highlight the main features of the resulting scattering amplitudes. We discuss CSP’s amplitudes as a new infrared deformation of ordinary massless amplitudes, which is controlled by the scale of the Pauli-Lubanski vector squared, as opposed to the familiar mass deformation. Finally, we explore under which conditions it is possible to relax some assumptions, such as strict on-shell factorisation, analyticity, or others. In particular, we also investigate how continuous-spin particles may couple to gravity and electromagnetism, in a loose version of S-matrix principles.
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spelling doaj-art-d13ac9d8ecfe4b5c9657af66a0245caa2025-08-20T03:25:15ZengSpringerOpenJournal of High Energy Physics1029-84792025-05-012025514210.1007/JHEP05(2025)166Continuous-spin particles, on shellBrando Bellazzini0Stefano De Angelis1Marcello Romano2Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Physique ThéoriqueUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Physique ThéoriqueUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Physique ThéoriqueAbstract We study on-shell scattering amplitudes for continuous-spin particles (CSPs). Poincaré invariance, little-group ISO(2) covariance, analyticity, and on-shell factorisation (unitarity) impose stringent conditions on these amplitudes. We solve them by realizing a non-trivial representation for all little-group generators on the space of functions of bi-spinors. The three-point amplitudes are uniquely determined by matching their high-energy limit to that of definite-helicity (ordinary) massless particles. Four-point amplitudes are then bootstrapped using consistency conditions, allowing us to analyze the theory in a very transparent way, without relying on any off-shell Lagrangian formulation. We present several examples that highlight the main features of the resulting scattering amplitudes. We discuss CSP’s amplitudes as a new infrared deformation of ordinary massless amplitudes, which is controlled by the scale of the Pauli-Lubanski vector squared, as opposed to the familiar mass deformation. Finally, we explore under which conditions it is possible to relax some assumptions, such as strict on-shell factorisation, analyticity, or others. In particular, we also investigate how continuous-spin particles may couple to gravity and electromagnetism, in a loose version of S-matrix principles.https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP05(2025)166Scattering AmplitudesEffective Field TheoriesSpace-Time Symmetries
spellingShingle Brando Bellazzini
Stefano De Angelis
Marcello Romano
Continuous-spin particles, on shell
Journal of High Energy Physics
Scattering Amplitudes
Effective Field Theories
Space-Time Symmetries
title Continuous-spin particles, on shell
title_full Continuous-spin particles, on shell
title_fullStr Continuous-spin particles, on shell
title_full_unstemmed Continuous-spin particles, on shell
title_short Continuous-spin particles, on shell
title_sort continuous spin particles on shell
topic Scattering Amplitudes
Effective Field Theories
Space-Time Symmetries
url https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP05(2025)166
work_keys_str_mv AT brandobellazzini continuousspinparticlesonshell
AT stefanodeangelis continuousspinparticlesonshell
AT marcelloromano continuousspinparticlesonshell