The Einstein Probe Transient EP240414a: Linking Fast X-Ray Transients, Gamma-Ray Bursts, and Luminous Fast Blue Optical Transients
Detections of fast X-ray transients (FXTs) have accrued over the last few decades. However, their origin has remained mysterious. Rapid progress is now being made thanks to timely discoveries and localizations with the Einstein Probe mission. Early results indicate that FXTs may frequently, but not...
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| author | Joyce N. D. van Dalen Andrew J. Levan Peter G. Jonker Daniele Bjørn Malesani Luca Izzo Nikhil Sarin Jonathan Quirola-Vásquez Daniel Mata Sánchez Antonio de Ugarte Postigo Agnes P. C. van Hoof Manuel A. P. Torres Steve Schulze Stuart P. Littlefair Ashley Chrimes Maria E. Ravasio Franz E. Bauer Antonio Martin-Carrillo Morgan Fraser Alexander J. van der Horst Pall Jakobsson Paul O’Brien Massimiliano De Pasquale Giovanna Pugliese Jesper Sollerman Nial R. Tanvir Tayyaba Zafar Joseph P. Anderson Lluís Galbany Avishay Gal-Yam Mariusz Gromadzki Tomás E. Müller-Bravo Fabio Ragosta Jacco H. Terwel |
| author_facet | Joyce N. D. van Dalen Andrew J. Levan Peter G. Jonker Daniele Bjørn Malesani Luca Izzo Nikhil Sarin Jonathan Quirola-Vásquez Daniel Mata Sánchez Antonio de Ugarte Postigo Agnes P. C. van Hoof Manuel A. P. Torres Steve Schulze Stuart P. Littlefair Ashley Chrimes Maria E. Ravasio Franz E. Bauer Antonio Martin-Carrillo Morgan Fraser Alexander J. van der Horst Pall Jakobsson Paul O’Brien Massimiliano De Pasquale Giovanna Pugliese Jesper Sollerman Nial R. Tanvir Tayyaba Zafar Joseph P. Anderson Lluís Galbany Avishay Gal-Yam Mariusz Gromadzki Tomás E. Müller-Bravo Fabio Ragosta Jacco H. Terwel |
| author_sort | Joyce N. D. van Dalen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Detections of fast X-ray transients (FXTs) have accrued over the last few decades. However, their origin has remained mysterious. Rapid progress is now being made thanks to timely discoveries and localizations with the Einstein Probe mission. Early results indicate that FXTs may frequently, but not always, be associated with gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). Here, we report on the multiwavelength counterpart of FXT EP240414a, which has no reported gamma-ray counterpart. The transient is located 25.7 kpc in projection from a massive galaxy at z = 0.401. We perform comprehensive photometric and spectroscopic follow-up. The optical light curve shows at least three distinct emission episodes with timescales of ~1, 4, and 15 days and peak absolute magnitudes of M _R ∼ −20, –21, and –19.5, respectively. The optical spectrum at early times is extremely blue, inconsistent with afterglow emission. It may arise from the interaction of both jet and supernova (SN) shock waves with the stellar envelope and a dense circumstellar medium, as has been suggested for some luminous fast blue optical transients (LFBOTs). At late times, the spectrum evolves to a broad-lined Type Ic SN, similar to those seen in collapsar long GRBs. This implies that the progenitor of EP240414a is a massive star creating a jet-forming SN inside a dense envelope, resulting in an X-ray outburst with a luminosity of ~10 ^48 erg s ^−1 and the complex observed optical/IR light curves. If correct, this argues for a causal link between the progenitors of long GRBs, FXTs, and LFBOTs. |
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| spelling | doaj-art-d111cc8a74ce43e8bbc9f446e0d7c02e2025-08-20T02:11:46ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal Letters2041-82052025-01-019822L4710.3847/2041-8213/adbc7eThe Einstein Probe Transient EP240414a: Linking Fast X-Ray Transients, Gamma-Ray Bursts, and Luminous Fast Blue Optical TransientsJoyce N. D. van Dalen0https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6927-7496Andrew J. Levan1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7821-9369Peter G. Jonker2https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5679-0695Daniele Bjørn Malesani3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7517-326XLuca Izzo4Nikhil Sarin5https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2700-1030Jonathan Quirola-Vásquez6https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8602-4641Daniel Mata Sánchez7https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0245-9424Antonio de Ugarte Postigo8https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7717-5085Agnes P. C. van Hoof9https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5404-2745Manuel A. P. Torres10https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5297-2683Steve Schulze11https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6797-1889Stuart P. Littlefair12https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7221-855XAshley Chrimes13https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9842-6808Maria E. Ravasio14https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3193-4714Franz E. Bauer15https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8686-8737Antonio Martin-Carrillo16https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5108-0627Morgan Fraser17https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2191-1674Alexander J. van der Horst18https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9149-6707Pall Jakobsson19https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9404-5650Paul O’Brien20https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5128-1899Massimiliano De Pasquale21Giovanna Pugliese22https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3457-9375Jesper Sollerman23https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1546-6615Nial R. Tanvir24https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3274-6336Tayyaba Zafar25https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3935-7018Joseph P. Anderson26https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0227-3451Lluís Galbany27https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1296-6887Avishay Gal-Yam28https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3653-5598Mariusz Gromadzki29https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1650-1518Tomás E. Müller-Bravo30https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3939-7167Fabio Ragosta31https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2132-3610Jacco H. Terwel32https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9834-3439Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen , P.O. Box 9010, Nijmegen, 6500 GL, The NetherlandsDepartment of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen , P.O. Box 9010, Nijmegen, 6500 GL, The Netherlands; Department of Physics, University of Warwick , Coventry, CV4 7AL, UKDepartment of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen , P.O. Box 9010, Nijmegen, 6500 GL, The Netherlands; SRON, Netherlands Institute for Space Research , Niels Bohrweg 4, Leiden, 2333 CA, The NetherlandsCosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) , Denmark; Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 128, Copenhagen, 2200, DenmarkOsservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte , INAF, Salita Moiariello 16, Napoli, 80131, Italy; Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , DARK, Jagtvej 128, Copenhagen, 2200, DenmarkThe Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University , AlbaNova, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden; Nordita, Stockholm University and KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Hannes Alfvéns väg 12, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Stockholm, SwedenDepartment of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen , P.O. Box 9010, Nijmegen, 6500 GL, The NetherlandsInstituto de Astrofıísica de Canarias , IAC, E-38205, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Departamento de Astrofísica, Univ. de La Laguna , E-38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, SpainUniversité de la Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Artemis , Nice, F-06304, France; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LAM , Marseille, FranceDepartment of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen , P.O. Box 9010, Nijmegen, 6500 GL, The NetherlandsInstituto de Astrofıísica de Canarias , IAC, E-38205, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Departamento de Astrofísica, Univ. de La Laguna , E-38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, SpainCenter for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA) , Northwestern University, 1800 Sherman Ave, Evanston, IL 60201, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield , Sheffield, S3 7RH, UKDepartment of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen , P.O. Box 9010, Nijmegen, 6500 GL, The Netherlands; European Space Agency (ESA) , European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, Noordwijk, 2201 AZ, The NetherlandsDepartment of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen , P.O. Box 9010, Nijmegen, 6500 GL, The Netherlands; Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera , Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Merate 23807, ItalyInstituto de Astrofísica, Facultad de Física and Centro de Astroingeniería, Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , UC, Campus San Joaquín, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, 7820436, RM, Chile; Millennium Institute of Astrophysics, MAS , Nuncio Monseñor Sótero Sanz 100, Of 104, Providencia, Santiago, 7500011, RM, Chile; Space Science Institute , SSI, 4750 Walnut Street, Suite 205, Boulder, CO 80301, USASchool of Physics and Centre for Space Research, University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4, IrelandSchool of Physics and Centre for Space Research, University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4, IrelandDepartment of Physics, George Washington University , 725 21st St NW, Washington, DC 20052, USACentre for Astrophysics and Cosmology, University of Iceland , Dunhagi, Reykjavík, 107, IcelandSchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester , University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UKMIFT Department, University of Messina , Via F. S. D’Alcontres 31, Messina, 98166, ItalyAnton Pannekoek Institute of Astronomy, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The NetherlandsThe Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University , AlbaNova, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Stockholm, SwedenSchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester , University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UKSchool of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Macquarie University , NSW 2109, AustraliaMillennium Institute of Astrophysics, MAS , Nuncio Monseñor Sótero Sanz 100, Of 104, Providencia, Santiago, 7500011, RM, Chile; European Southern Observatory , Alonso de Córdova 3107, Casilla 19, Santiago, ChileInstitute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC) , Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain; Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC) , 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), SpainDepartment of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science , 234 Herzl St, Rehovot, 76100, IsraelAstronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw , Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warsaw, PolandInstitute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC) , Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain; Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC) , 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), SpainDipartimento di Fisica “Ettore Pancini,” Universit‘a di Napoli Federico II , Via Cinthia 9, 80126 Naples, Italy; INAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte , Via Moiariello 16, I-80131 Naples, ItalySchool of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin , Dublin 2, Ireland; Nordic Optical Telescope , Rambla José Ana Fernández Pérez 7, ES-38711 Breña Baja, SpainDetections of fast X-ray transients (FXTs) have accrued over the last few decades. However, their origin has remained mysterious. Rapid progress is now being made thanks to timely discoveries and localizations with the Einstein Probe mission. Early results indicate that FXTs may frequently, but not always, be associated with gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). Here, we report on the multiwavelength counterpart of FXT EP240414a, which has no reported gamma-ray counterpart. The transient is located 25.7 kpc in projection from a massive galaxy at z = 0.401. We perform comprehensive photometric and spectroscopic follow-up. The optical light curve shows at least three distinct emission episodes with timescales of ~1, 4, and 15 days and peak absolute magnitudes of M _R ∼ −20, –21, and –19.5, respectively. The optical spectrum at early times is extremely blue, inconsistent with afterglow emission. It may arise from the interaction of both jet and supernova (SN) shock waves with the stellar envelope and a dense circumstellar medium, as has been suggested for some luminous fast blue optical transients (LFBOTs). At late times, the spectrum evolves to a broad-lined Type Ic SN, similar to those seen in collapsar long GRBs. This implies that the progenitor of EP240414a is a massive star creating a jet-forming SN inside a dense envelope, resulting in an X-ray outburst with a luminosity of ~10 ^48 erg s ^−1 and the complex observed optical/IR light curves. If correct, this argues for a causal link between the progenitors of long GRBs, FXTs, and LFBOTs.https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/adbc7eGamma-ray burstsType Ic supernovaeX-ray transient sources |
| spellingShingle | Joyce N. D. van Dalen Andrew J. Levan Peter G. Jonker Daniele Bjørn Malesani Luca Izzo Nikhil Sarin Jonathan Quirola-Vásquez Daniel Mata Sánchez Antonio de Ugarte Postigo Agnes P. C. van Hoof Manuel A. P. Torres Steve Schulze Stuart P. Littlefair Ashley Chrimes Maria E. Ravasio Franz E. Bauer Antonio Martin-Carrillo Morgan Fraser Alexander J. van der Horst Pall Jakobsson Paul O’Brien Massimiliano De Pasquale Giovanna Pugliese Jesper Sollerman Nial R. Tanvir Tayyaba Zafar Joseph P. Anderson Lluís Galbany Avishay Gal-Yam Mariusz Gromadzki Tomás E. Müller-Bravo Fabio Ragosta Jacco H. Terwel The Einstein Probe Transient EP240414a: Linking Fast X-Ray Transients, Gamma-Ray Bursts, and Luminous Fast Blue Optical Transients The Astrophysical Journal Letters Gamma-ray bursts Type Ic supernovae X-ray transient sources |
| title | The Einstein Probe Transient EP240414a: Linking Fast X-Ray Transients, Gamma-Ray Bursts, and Luminous Fast Blue Optical Transients |
| title_full | The Einstein Probe Transient EP240414a: Linking Fast X-Ray Transients, Gamma-Ray Bursts, and Luminous Fast Blue Optical Transients |
| title_fullStr | The Einstein Probe Transient EP240414a: Linking Fast X-Ray Transients, Gamma-Ray Bursts, and Luminous Fast Blue Optical Transients |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Einstein Probe Transient EP240414a: Linking Fast X-Ray Transients, Gamma-Ray Bursts, and Luminous Fast Blue Optical Transients |
| title_short | The Einstein Probe Transient EP240414a: Linking Fast X-Ray Transients, Gamma-Ray Bursts, and Luminous Fast Blue Optical Transients |
| title_sort | einstein probe transient ep240414a linking fast x ray transients gamma ray bursts and luminous fast blue optical transients |
| topic | Gamma-ray bursts Type Ic supernovae X-ray transient sources |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/adbc7e |
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