Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Flood-Irrigated Rice as Affected by Phosphorus Fertilizer Source
Research into alternative phosphorus (P) fertilizer sources that may be able to supplement P resources is necessary. Struvite (MgNH<sub>4</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> · 6H<sub>2</sub>O) can be made by removing excess nutrients from waste sources and may reduce greenhouse g...
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MDPI AG
2025-04-01
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| author | Chandler M. Arel Kristofor R. Brye Diego Della Lunga Trenton L. Roberts Richard Adams |
| author_facet | Chandler M. Arel Kristofor R. Brye Diego Della Lunga Trenton L. Roberts Richard Adams |
| author_sort | Chandler M. Arel |
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| description | Research into alternative phosphorus (P) fertilizer sources that may be able to supplement P resources is necessary. Struvite (MgNH<sub>4</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> · 6H<sub>2</sub>O) can be made by removing excess nutrients from waste sources and may reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from cropping systems. This study sought to quantify GHG [i.e., methane (CH<sub>4</sub>), nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O), and carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>)] fluxes, season-long emissions, and net GHG emissions from chemically precipitated struvite (CPST) and synthetic and real-wastewater-derived electrochemically precipitated struvite (ECST) compared to monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and an unamended control (UC) from flood-irrigated rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i>) grown in P-deficient, silt loam soil in a greenhouse. Gas samples were collected weekly over a 140-day period in 2022. Methane and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions differed (<i>p</i> < 0.05) among P fertilizer sources, while N<sub>2</sub>O emissions were similar among all treatments. Methane, CO<sub>2</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from MAP-fertilized rice were the greatest (98.7, 20,960, and 0.44 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> season<sup>−1</sup>, respectively), but they were similar to those of CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> for CPST and those of N<sub>2</sub>O for all other P fertilizer sources. Season-long CH<sub>4</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions and net GHG emissions did not differ between ECST materials. This study’s results emphasized the potential that wastewater-recovered struvite has to reduce GHG emissions in rice production systems. |
| format | Article |
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| issn | 2077-0472 |
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| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-d0f4eb90c7a64381974b29ea6f97bbd52025-08-20T03:14:20ZengMDPI AGAgriculture2077-04722025-04-0115881510.3390/agriculture15080815Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Flood-Irrigated Rice as Affected by Phosphorus Fertilizer SourceChandler M. Arel0Kristofor R. Brye1Diego Della Lunga2Trenton L. Roberts3Richard Adams4Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, 115 Plant Sciences Building, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USADepartment of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, 115 Plant Sciences Building, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USADepartment of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, 115 Plant Sciences Building, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USADepartment of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, 115 Plant Sciences Building, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USADepartment of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, 115 Plant Sciences Building, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USAResearch into alternative phosphorus (P) fertilizer sources that may be able to supplement P resources is necessary. Struvite (MgNH<sub>4</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> · 6H<sub>2</sub>O) can be made by removing excess nutrients from waste sources and may reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from cropping systems. This study sought to quantify GHG [i.e., methane (CH<sub>4</sub>), nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O), and carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>)] fluxes, season-long emissions, and net GHG emissions from chemically precipitated struvite (CPST) and synthetic and real-wastewater-derived electrochemically precipitated struvite (ECST) compared to monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and an unamended control (UC) from flood-irrigated rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i>) grown in P-deficient, silt loam soil in a greenhouse. Gas samples were collected weekly over a 140-day period in 2022. Methane and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions differed (<i>p</i> < 0.05) among P fertilizer sources, while N<sub>2</sub>O emissions were similar among all treatments. Methane, CO<sub>2</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from MAP-fertilized rice were the greatest (98.7, 20,960, and 0.44 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> season<sup>−1</sup>, respectively), but they were similar to those of CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> for CPST and those of N<sub>2</sub>O for all other P fertilizer sources. Season-long CH<sub>4</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions and net GHG emissions did not differ between ECST materials. This study’s results emphasized the potential that wastewater-recovered struvite has to reduce GHG emissions in rice production systems.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/15/8/815electrochemically precipitated struvitegreenhouse gassesphosphorus fertilizerflood-irrigated rice |
| spellingShingle | Chandler M. Arel Kristofor R. Brye Diego Della Lunga Trenton L. Roberts Richard Adams Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Flood-Irrigated Rice as Affected by Phosphorus Fertilizer Source Agriculture electrochemically precipitated struvite greenhouse gasses phosphorus fertilizer flood-irrigated rice |
| title | Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Flood-Irrigated Rice as Affected by Phosphorus Fertilizer Source |
| title_full | Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Flood-Irrigated Rice as Affected by Phosphorus Fertilizer Source |
| title_fullStr | Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Flood-Irrigated Rice as Affected by Phosphorus Fertilizer Source |
| title_full_unstemmed | Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Flood-Irrigated Rice as Affected by Phosphorus Fertilizer Source |
| title_short | Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Flood-Irrigated Rice as Affected by Phosphorus Fertilizer Source |
| title_sort | greenhouse gas emissions from flood irrigated rice as affected by phosphorus fertilizer source |
| topic | electrochemically precipitated struvite greenhouse gasses phosphorus fertilizer flood-irrigated rice |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/15/8/815 |
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