BREAST MILK IN ALL ASPECTS
Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months and continuing to breastfeed until at least 2 years of age is recommended by the Ministries of Health of countries worldwide. Breastfeeding contributes to health not only through its nutritional but also im munological properties. Breast milk has uniq...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Istanbul University Press
2025-01-01
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| Series: | İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi |
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| Online Access: | https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/A8B10160ED4A440AAE091495D57FAED7 |
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| author | Emine Gülbin Gökçay Elmas Zeynep İnce Gonca Keskindemirci Asuman Gedikbaşı Yeliz Güven Şerif Emre Gökçay Fatoş İlkay Alp Yıldırım Sema Bayraktar |
| author_facet | Emine Gülbin Gökçay Elmas Zeynep İnce Gonca Keskindemirci Asuman Gedikbaşı Yeliz Güven Şerif Emre Gökçay Fatoş İlkay Alp Yıldırım Sema Bayraktar |
| author_sort | Emine Gülbin Gökçay |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months and continuing to breastfeed until at least 2 years of age is recommended by the Ministries of Health of countries worldwide. Breastfeeding contributes to health not only through its nutritional but also im munological properties. Breast milk has unique ingredients that ensure healthy growth. It is rich in bioactive substances such as growth factors; cytokines, microRNAs, human milk oligosaccha rides, and cells. Epigenetic studies have identified differences in gene expression between breastfed and formula-fed infants. DNA methylation (DNAm) has been suggested as a mechanism under lying the long-term health effects of breastfeeding. Breastfeeding promotes proper maxillofacial growth and development by stimu lating intense oral muscular activity, promoting correct lip closure, mandibular function, and tongue positioning on the palate. In economics, merit good is generally accepted as good (product) that societies should consume regardless of individuals’ wishes or demands. The most typical examples of merit products are education and health. From an economic perspective, it can be concluded that breast milk is an economically merit product, and the states should allocate resources by using their public power to increase breastfeeding. Pharmacists and nurses play important and crucial roles in supporting and assisting mothers during the breastfeeding period. Nurses should always play an active role in initiating and maintaining breastfeeding at every stage of life. In this review, breast milk is discussed in every aspect. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d0df8680c011400faaad69e539dca7dd |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1305-6441 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Istanbul University Press |
| record_format | Article |
| series | İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi |
| spelling | doaj-art-d0df8680c011400faaad69e539dca7dd2025-08-20T02:58:39ZengIstanbul University Pressİstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi1305-64412025-01-01881727910.26650/IUITFD.1558194123456BREAST MILK IN ALL ASPECTSEmine Gülbin Gökçay0https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1042-0407Elmas Zeynep İnce1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7304-099XGonca Keskindemirci2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1797-2802Asuman Gedikbaşı3https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7121-6077Yeliz Güven4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4637-6025Şerif Emre Gökçay5https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1361-6598Fatoş İlkay Alp Yıldırım6https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5695-5269Sema Bayraktar7https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4509-6275İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Türkiyeİstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Türkiyeİstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Türkiyeİstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Türkiyeİstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Türkiyeİstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Türkiyeİstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Türkiyeİstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul, TürkiyeExclusive breastfeeding for the first six months and continuing to breastfeed until at least 2 years of age is recommended by the Ministries of Health of countries worldwide. Breastfeeding contributes to health not only through its nutritional but also im munological properties. Breast milk has unique ingredients that ensure healthy growth. It is rich in bioactive substances such as growth factors; cytokines, microRNAs, human milk oligosaccha rides, and cells. Epigenetic studies have identified differences in gene expression between breastfed and formula-fed infants. DNA methylation (DNAm) has been suggested as a mechanism under lying the long-term health effects of breastfeeding. Breastfeeding promotes proper maxillofacial growth and development by stimu lating intense oral muscular activity, promoting correct lip closure, mandibular function, and tongue positioning on the palate. In economics, merit good is generally accepted as good (product) that societies should consume regardless of individuals’ wishes or demands. The most typical examples of merit products are education and health. From an economic perspective, it can be concluded that breast milk is an economically merit product, and the states should allocate resources by using their public power to increase breastfeeding. Pharmacists and nurses play important and crucial roles in supporting and assisting mothers during the breastfeeding period. Nurses should always play an active role in initiating and maintaining breastfeeding at every stage of life. In this review, breast milk is discussed in every aspect.https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/A8B10160ED4A440AAE091495D57FAED7breastfeedinghealtheconomicsimmunologyepigenetic |
| spellingShingle | Emine Gülbin Gökçay Elmas Zeynep İnce Gonca Keskindemirci Asuman Gedikbaşı Yeliz Güven Şerif Emre Gökçay Fatoş İlkay Alp Yıldırım Sema Bayraktar BREAST MILK IN ALL ASPECTS İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi breastfeeding health economics immunology epigenetic |
| title | BREAST MILK IN ALL ASPECTS |
| title_full | BREAST MILK IN ALL ASPECTS |
| title_fullStr | BREAST MILK IN ALL ASPECTS |
| title_full_unstemmed | BREAST MILK IN ALL ASPECTS |
| title_short | BREAST MILK IN ALL ASPECTS |
| title_sort | breast milk in all aspects |
| topic | breastfeeding health economics immunology epigenetic |
| url | https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/A8B10160ED4A440AAE091495D57FAED7 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT eminegulbingokcay breastmilkinallaspects AT elmaszeynepince breastmilkinallaspects AT goncakeskindemirci breastmilkinallaspects AT asumangedikbası breastmilkinallaspects AT yelizguven breastmilkinallaspects AT serifemregokcay breastmilkinallaspects AT fatosilkayalpyıldırım breastmilkinallaspects AT semabayraktar breastmilkinallaspects |