Global Empirical Model of Sporadic-E Occurrence Rates
Intense ionization enhancements in the Earth’s ionosphere, known as sporadic-E (Es), can degrade and severely disrupt the propagation of radio signals. Although many previous studies have analyzed the characteristics and morphologies of sporadic-E, few efforts have attempted to model global Es occur...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2024-11-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspas.2024.1434367/full |
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| author | Eli V. Parsch Anthony L. Franz Eugene V. Dao Dong L. Wu Nimalan Swarnalingam Nimalan Swarnalingam Cornelius C. J. H. Salinas Daniel J. Emmons |
| author_facet | Eli V. Parsch Anthony L. Franz Eugene V. Dao Dong L. Wu Nimalan Swarnalingam Nimalan Swarnalingam Cornelius C. J. H. Salinas Daniel J. Emmons |
| author_sort | Eli V. Parsch |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Intense ionization enhancements in the Earth’s ionosphere, known as sporadic-E (Es), can degrade and severely disrupt the propagation of radio signals. Although many previous studies have analyzed the characteristics and morphologies of sporadic-E, few efforts have attempted to model global Es occurrence rates (ORs) at high time resolutions. This study develops a global empirical model of blanketing sporadic-E occurrence rates using a Karhunen–Loéve Expansion (KLE) of a global OR climatology built with Global Navigation Satellite System radio occultation (GNSS-RO) and ionosonde observations. Using an fbE ≥ threshold of 3 MHz, the model outputs a blanketing sporadic-E OR for a given geomagnetic latitude, longitude, day of year, and local solar time. The model outputs are compared to digisonde observations at four sites with varying geomagnetic latitudes, resulting in correlation coefficients ranging from 0.5 to 0.9 for monthly averaged observations and an uncertainty of 11%. Furthermore, the average uncertainty is estimated to be 12%. This Global Empirical Model of Sporadic-E Occurrence Rates (GEMSOR) is capable of providing blanketing sporadic-E OR estimates for global radio frequency (RF) operations. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d0da01d1e72f4bd2bd2db546972aea79 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2296-987X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-d0da01d1e72f4bd2bd2db546972aea792025-02-04T10:09:21ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences2296-987X2024-11-011110.3389/fspas.2024.14343671434367Global Empirical Model of Sporadic-E Occurrence RatesEli V. Parsch0Anthony L. Franz1Eugene V. Dao2Dong L. Wu3Nimalan Swarnalingam4Nimalan Swarnalingam5Cornelius C. J. H. Salinas6Daniel J. Emmons7United States Air Force Academy, Department of Physics and Meteorology, Colorado, CO, United StatesAir Force Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, Dayton, OH, United StatesSpace Vehicles Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Albuquerque, NM, United StatesNASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United StatesNASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United StatesDepartment of Physics, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, United StatesNASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United StatesAir Force Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, Dayton, OH, United StatesIntense ionization enhancements in the Earth’s ionosphere, known as sporadic-E (Es), can degrade and severely disrupt the propagation of radio signals. Although many previous studies have analyzed the characteristics and morphologies of sporadic-E, few efforts have attempted to model global Es occurrence rates (ORs) at high time resolutions. This study develops a global empirical model of blanketing sporadic-E occurrence rates using a Karhunen–Loéve Expansion (KLE) of a global OR climatology built with Global Navigation Satellite System radio occultation (GNSS-RO) and ionosonde observations. Using an fbE ≥ threshold of 3 MHz, the model outputs a blanketing sporadic-E OR for a given geomagnetic latitude, longitude, day of year, and local solar time. The model outputs are compared to digisonde observations at four sites with varying geomagnetic latitudes, resulting in correlation coefficients ranging from 0.5 to 0.9 for monthly averaged observations and an uncertainty of 11%. Furthermore, the average uncertainty is estimated to be 12%. This Global Empirical Model of Sporadic-E Occurrence Rates (GEMSOR) is capable of providing blanketing sporadic-E OR estimates for global radio frequency (RF) operations.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspas.2024.1434367/fullionospheresporadic-Eradio occultationglobal climatologyKarhunen–Loéve Expansion |
| spellingShingle | Eli V. Parsch Anthony L. Franz Eugene V. Dao Dong L. Wu Nimalan Swarnalingam Nimalan Swarnalingam Cornelius C. J. H. Salinas Daniel J. Emmons Global Empirical Model of Sporadic-E Occurrence Rates Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences ionosphere sporadic-E radio occultation global climatology Karhunen–Loéve Expansion |
| title | Global Empirical Model of Sporadic-E Occurrence Rates |
| title_full | Global Empirical Model of Sporadic-E Occurrence Rates |
| title_fullStr | Global Empirical Model of Sporadic-E Occurrence Rates |
| title_full_unstemmed | Global Empirical Model of Sporadic-E Occurrence Rates |
| title_short | Global Empirical Model of Sporadic-E Occurrence Rates |
| title_sort | global empirical model of sporadic e occurrence rates |
| topic | ionosphere sporadic-E radio occultation global climatology Karhunen–Loéve Expansion |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspas.2024.1434367/full |
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