Dynamics of cadmium and sulfamethoxazole removal by Chrysopogon zizanioides under individual and combined pollution conditions under exogenous phosphate addition

Reducing phosphorus loads is key to water eutrophication control and has become a current research focus. Cadmium (Cd) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) are typical pollutants in wetland environments and are commonly co-occur. Vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty) is a perennial herbaceous plant w...

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Main Authors: Shou-yan Yin, Si-lin Yang, Xu-yang Kou, Gui-xiang Tao, Shi-xian Sun
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-07-01
Series:Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651325006852
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author Shou-yan Yin
Si-lin Yang
Xu-yang Kou
Gui-xiang Tao
Shi-xian Sun
author_facet Shou-yan Yin
Si-lin Yang
Xu-yang Kou
Gui-xiang Tao
Shi-xian Sun
author_sort Shou-yan Yin
collection DOAJ
description Reducing phosphorus loads is key to water eutrophication control and has become a current research focus. Cadmium (Cd) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) are typical pollutants in wetland environments and are commonly co-occur. Vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty) is a perennial herbaceous plant widely used in phytoremediation and other fields due to strong stress resistance and pollutant tolerance. However, the impact of vetiver on Cd and SMX removal when the pollutants are present alone and in combination in phosphorus-rich environments remains unclear. This study used greenhouse pot experiments to simulate wetland conditions, examining pollutant dynamics in vetiver roots, shoots, soil, and water under varying phosphorus levels, and Cd and SMX contamination. At 400 mg·L⁻¹ phosphorus, vetiver significantly enhanced the removal of Cd and SMX, both singly and combined. Cd removal rates were higher under single (1.48 %) and combined (1.59 %) pollution. Cd accumulation in shoots was higher under combined pollution (14.72 ± 0.24 μg). SMX degradation rate constants were higher under single (1.91) and combined (1.86) pollution. By day 42, SMX levels were below detection limits in the wetland environment. Compared to the control, phosphorus significantly enhanced vetiver shoot growth, promoted Cd²⁺ translocation to shoots, and partially facilitated SMX translocation and degradation.
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publishDate 2025-07-01
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spelling doaj-art-d0ae65e57e334d1ebac0b2e170ea9e4d2025-08-20T03:07:51ZengElsevierEcotoxicology and Environmental Safety0147-65132025-07-0129911834910.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118349Dynamics of cadmium and sulfamethoxazole removal by Chrysopogon zizanioides under individual and combined pollution conditions under exogenous phosphate additionShou-yan Yin0Si-lin Yang1Xu-yang Kou2Gui-xiang Tao3Shi-xian Sun4Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Wetland Conservation, Restoration and Ecological Services, College of Ecology and Environment (College of Wetlands), Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, ChinaYunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Wetland Conservation, Restoration and Ecological Services, College of Ecology and Environment (College of Wetlands), Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, ChinaCollege of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, ChinaYunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Wetland Conservation, Restoration and Ecological Services, College of Ecology and Environment (College of Wetlands), Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, ChinaYunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Wetland Conservation, Restoration and Ecological Services, College of Ecology and Environment (College of Wetlands), Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; Corresponding author.Reducing phosphorus loads is key to water eutrophication control and has become a current research focus. Cadmium (Cd) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) are typical pollutants in wetland environments and are commonly co-occur. Vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty) is a perennial herbaceous plant widely used in phytoremediation and other fields due to strong stress resistance and pollutant tolerance. However, the impact of vetiver on Cd and SMX removal when the pollutants are present alone and in combination in phosphorus-rich environments remains unclear. This study used greenhouse pot experiments to simulate wetland conditions, examining pollutant dynamics in vetiver roots, shoots, soil, and water under varying phosphorus levels, and Cd and SMX contamination. At 400 mg·L⁻¹ phosphorus, vetiver significantly enhanced the removal of Cd and SMX, both singly and combined. Cd removal rates were higher under single (1.48 %) and combined (1.59 %) pollution. Cd accumulation in shoots was higher under combined pollution (14.72 ± 0.24 μg). SMX degradation rate constants were higher under single (1.91) and combined (1.86) pollution. By day 42, SMX levels were below detection limits in the wetland environment. Compared to the control, phosphorus significantly enhanced vetiver shoot growth, promoted Cd²⁺ translocation to shoots, and partially facilitated SMX translocation and degradation.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651325006852VetiverPhosphorusCadmium-sulfamethoxazolePollution remediation
spellingShingle Shou-yan Yin
Si-lin Yang
Xu-yang Kou
Gui-xiang Tao
Shi-xian Sun
Dynamics of cadmium and sulfamethoxazole removal by Chrysopogon zizanioides under individual and combined pollution conditions under exogenous phosphate addition
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
Vetiver
Phosphorus
Cadmium-sulfamethoxazole
Pollution remediation
title Dynamics of cadmium and sulfamethoxazole removal by Chrysopogon zizanioides under individual and combined pollution conditions under exogenous phosphate addition
title_full Dynamics of cadmium and sulfamethoxazole removal by Chrysopogon zizanioides under individual and combined pollution conditions under exogenous phosphate addition
title_fullStr Dynamics of cadmium and sulfamethoxazole removal by Chrysopogon zizanioides under individual and combined pollution conditions under exogenous phosphate addition
title_full_unstemmed Dynamics of cadmium and sulfamethoxazole removal by Chrysopogon zizanioides under individual and combined pollution conditions under exogenous phosphate addition
title_short Dynamics of cadmium and sulfamethoxazole removal by Chrysopogon zizanioides under individual and combined pollution conditions under exogenous phosphate addition
title_sort dynamics of cadmium and sulfamethoxazole removal by chrysopogon zizanioides under individual and combined pollution conditions under exogenous phosphate addition
topic Vetiver
Phosphorus
Cadmium-sulfamethoxazole
Pollution remediation
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651325006852
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