Recent advances in protein and amino acid nutritional dynamics in relation to performance, health, welfare, and cost of production

Amino acids are the foundation of numerous metabolic and physiological pathways for skeletal muscle accretion, internal organ development, skeletal development, and immune function. One widely studied subject in monogastric nutrition is dietary crude protein. However, birds do not have a crude prote...

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Main Authors: Roshan Adhikari, Sam J. Rochell, Ruben Kriseldi, Marcelo Silva, Laura Greiner, Chance Williams, Bart Matton, Annalise Anderson, Gisela F. Erf, Eunyoung Park, Keith Haydon, Jason Lee
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-03-01
Series:Poultry Science
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579125000896
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author Roshan Adhikari
Sam J. Rochell
Ruben Kriseldi
Marcelo Silva
Laura Greiner
Chance Williams
Bart Matton
Annalise Anderson
Gisela F. Erf
Eunyoung Park
Keith Haydon
Jason Lee
author_facet Roshan Adhikari
Sam J. Rochell
Ruben Kriseldi
Marcelo Silva
Laura Greiner
Chance Williams
Bart Matton
Annalise Anderson
Gisela F. Erf
Eunyoung Park
Keith Haydon
Jason Lee
author_sort Roshan Adhikari
collection DOAJ
description Amino acids are the foundation of numerous metabolic and physiological pathways for skeletal muscle accretion, internal organ development, skeletal development, and immune function. One widely studied subject in monogastric nutrition is dietary crude protein. However, birds do not have a crude protein requirement but have a clear requirement for essential amino acids. As individual amino acid requirements of swine and poultry are investigated and modern feed formulation tools and feed-grade amino acids are available cost-effectively, the dynamics of how we look at crude protein in the feed have evolved. With the modern tools available, nutritionists are able to formulate the feed to meet the amino acids required for optimal performance of animals. This approach reduces the excess nitrogen in the feed, making the diets friendlier for the gut, reducing substrates for harmful proliferating bacteria, reducing nitrogen excretion in manure, and improving the ecology and sustainability. Apart from growth, amino acids have a functional role in the metabolic and physiological pathways. Amino acids like threonine and arginine have additional functional roles in intestinal turnover, immune function, wound healing, vasodilation and oxidative, and heat stress alleviation. Such specific amino acids can be increased in the diet to support the physiological needs during the growth of animals without increasing the unwanted dietary nitrogen content. As the industry moves toward reducing crude protein while meeting the essential amino acid needs, more research is needed to understand the requirement of specific lower limiting and non-limiting amino acids as well as the dynamics of those amino acids in health, welfare, cost of production and ecological impact in poultry and swine production.
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spelling doaj-art-d05bdc06f2fa4e1ab3a6316e4495860b2025-08-20T02:55:45ZengElsevierPoultry Science0032-57912025-03-01104310485210.1016/j.psj.2025.104852Recent advances in protein and amino acid nutritional dynamics in relation to performance, health, welfare, and cost of productionRoshan Adhikari0Sam J. Rochell1Ruben Kriseldi2Marcelo Silva3Laura Greiner4Chance Williams5Bart Matton6Annalise Anderson7Gisela F. Erf8Eunyoung Park9Keith Haydon10Jason Lee11CJ Bio America, 2001 Butterfield Rd. Suite 720, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; Corresponding author.Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USAAviagen, Huntsville, AL, USAAviagen, Huntsville, AL, USADepartment of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USAWayne-Sanderson Farms, Oakwood, GA, USAResearch Center, CJ Europe GmbH, Frankfurt, GermanyDepartment of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USADepartment of Poultry Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USACJ Cheiljedang Bio, Seoul, South KoreaCJ Bio America, 2001 Butterfield Rd. Suite 720, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USACJ Bio America, 2001 Butterfield Rd. Suite 720, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USAAmino acids are the foundation of numerous metabolic and physiological pathways for skeletal muscle accretion, internal organ development, skeletal development, and immune function. One widely studied subject in monogastric nutrition is dietary crude protein. However, birds do not have a crude protein requirement but have a clear requirement for essential amino acids. As individual amino acid requirements of swine and poultry are investigated and modern feed formulation tools and feed-grade amino acids are available cost-effectively, the dynamics of how we look at crude protein in the feed have evolved. With the modern tools available, nutritionists are able to formulate the feed to meet the amino acids required for optimal performance of animals. This approach reduces the excess nitrogen in the feed, making the diets friendlier for the gut, reducing substrates for harmful proliferating bacteria, reducing nitrogen excretion in manure, and improving the ecology and sustainability. Apart from growth, amino acids have a functional role in the metabolic and physiological pathways. Amino acids like threonine and arginine have additional functional roles in intestinal turnover, immune function, wound healing, vasodilation and oxidative, and heat stress alleviation. Such specific amino acids can be increased in the diet to support the physiological needs during the growth of animals without increasing the unwanted dietary nitrogen content. As the industry moves toward reducing crude protein while meeting the essential amino acid needs, more research is needed to understand the requirement of specific lower limiting and non-limiting amino acids as well as the dynamics of those amino acids in health, welfare, cost of production and ecological impact in poultry and swine production.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579125000896Amino acidsCrude proteinNutritional dynamicsPoultrySwine
spellingShingle Roshan Adhikari
Sam J. Rochell
Ruben Kriseldi
Marcelo Silva
Laura Greiner
Chance Williams
Bart Matton
Annalise Anderson
Gisela F. Erf
Eunyoung Park
Keith Haydon
Jason Lee
Recent advances in protein and amino acid nutritional dynamics in relation to performance, health, welfare, and cost of production
Poultry Science
Amino acids
Crude protein
Nutritional dynamics
Poultry
Swine
title Recent advances in protein and amino acid nutritional dynamics in relation to performance, health, welfare, and cost of production
title_full Recent advances in protein and amino acid nutritional dynamics in relation to performance, health, welfare, and cost of production
title_fullStr Recent advances in protein and amino acid nutritional dynamics in relation to performance, health, welfare, and cost of production
title_full_unstemmed Recent advances in protein and amino acid nutritional dynamics in relation to performance, health, welfare, and cost of production
title_short Recent advances in protein and amino acid nutritional dynamics in relation to performance, health, welfare, and cost of production
title_sort recent advances in protein and amino acid nutritional dynamics in relation to performance health welfare and cost of production
topic Amino acids
Crude protein
Nutritional dynamics
Poultry
Swine
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579125000896
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