Decoding Cold Therapy Mechanisms of Enhanced Bone Repair through Sensory Receptors and Molecular Pathways

Decoding Cold Therapy Mechanisms of Enhanced Bone Repair through Sensory Receptors and Molecular Pathways

Applying cold to a bone injury can aid healing, though its mechanisms are complex. This study investigates how cold therapy impacts bone repair to optimize healing. Cold was applied to a rodent bone model, with the physiological responses analyzed. Vasoconstriction was mediated by an increase in the...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Matthew Zakaria, Justin Matta, Yazan Honjol, Drew Schupbach, Fackson Mwale, Edward Harvey, Geraldine Merle
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2024-09-01
Series:Biomedicines
Subjects:
cold
bone healing
tissue engineering
hypoxia
vasculature
osteogenesis
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/9/2045
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Summary:Applying cold to a bone injury can aid healing, though its mechanisms are complex. This study investigates how cold therapy impacts bone repair to optimize healing. Cold was applied to a rodent bone model, with the physiological responses analyzed. Vasoconstriction was mediated by an increase in the transient receptor protein channels (TRPs), transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1; <i>p</i> = 0.012), and transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8; <i>p</i> < 0.001), within cortical defects, enhancing the sensory response and blood flow regulation. Cold exposure also elevated hypoxia (<i>p</i> < 0.01) and vascular endothelial growth factor expression (VEGF; <i>p</i> < 0.001), promoting angiogenesis, vital for bone regeneration. The increased expression of osteogenic proteins peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC-1α; <i>p</i> = 0.039) and RNA-binding motif protein 3 (RBM3; <i>p</i> < 0.008) suggests that the reparative processes have been stimulated. Enhanced osteoblast differentiation and the presence of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) at day 5 (three-fold, <i>p</i> = 0.021) and 10 (two-fold, <i>p</i> < 0.001) were observed, along with increased osteocalcin (OCN) at day 10 (two-fold, <i>p</i> = 0.019), indicating the presence of mature osteoblasts capable of mineralization. These findings highlight cold therapy’s multifaceted effects on bone repair, offering insights for therapeutic strategies.
ISSN:2227-9059

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