Toxicity Response and Swimming Speed Regularity in <i>Daphnia magna</i> After Short-Term Exposure to Diuron

The agricultural production process contributes to the global issue of pesticide pollution. Based on the static toxicity test of diuron (DCMU) on <i>Daphnia magna</i> (<i>D. magna</i>) for EC<sub>50</sub>-48 h, a concentration range of 0.2 to 1 mg/L was set as sub...

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Main Authors: Feihu Qin, Nanjing Zhao, Gaofang Yin, Yunfei Luo, Tingting Gan
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-05-01
Series:Toxics
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/13/5/395
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author Feihu Qin
Nanjing Zhao
Gaofang Yin
Yunfei Luo
Tingting Gan
author_facet Feihu Qin
Nanjing Zhao
Gaofang Yin
Yunfei Luo
Tingting Gan
author_sort Feihu Qin
collection DOAJ
description The agricultural production process contributes to the global issue of pesticide pollution. Based on the static toxicity test of diuron (DCMU) on <i>Daphnia magna</i> (<i>D. magna</i>) for EC<sub>50</sub>-48 h, a concentration range of 0.2 to 1 mg/L was set as sublethal concentrations, while lethal concentrations were set at 2 mg/L and 4 mg/L. This study analyzes the toxic response patterns of the swimming behavior indicators of <i>D. magna</i> exposed to different concentrations of DCMU. The results showed that the average speed (V) of <i>D. magna</i> decreased step by step with exposure time, regardless of exposure to sublethal concentration or lethal concentration. However, during the same short-term exposure period, the V of <i>D. magna</i> at lethal concentration was higher than that at sublethal concentration, which indicates that the swimming behavior of <i>D. magna</i> exposed to DCMU may be stimulated and accelerated. Compared to the control group, there is a statistically significant difference in the V of <i>D. magna</i> after short-term exposure, especially showing an extremely significant difference after 5 min of exposure. Evidently, compared to the traditional 48 h static toxicity testing method, the swimming behavior indicators of <i>D. magna</i> show a more sensitive response to DCMU after 5 min of exposure, making it more suitable for rapid toxicity detection. By expanding the range of exposure concentrations, it was found that the V indicator of <i>D. magna</i> responded significantly to a DCMU concentration of 0.05 mg/L after only 5 min of exposure, and a high degree of correlation was observed between the indicator and the exposure concentration. Through nonlinear fitting, the relationship between V and the dose–effect of DCMU toxicity presents an S-shaped curve, with R<sup>2</sup> > 0.9. Consequently, it becomes possible to study the dose–effect relationship between the changes in the swimming behavior indicators of <i>D. magna</i> and the stress concentration based on this theory. This further establishes a foundation for the development of comprehensive aquatic toxicity rapid detection technology based on the toxic response of swimming behavior indicators.
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spelling doaj-art-d0324122b78d41b8a144945c3053aa1e2025-08-20T03:12:05ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042025-05-0113539510.3390/toxics13050395Toxicity Response and Swimming Speed Regularity in <i>Daphnia magna</i> After Short-Term Exposure to DiuronFeihu Qin0Nanjing Zhao1Gaofang Yin2Yunfei Luo3Tingting Gan4University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, ChinaUniversity of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, ChinaAnhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, ChinaUniversity of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, ChinaAnhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, ChinaThe agricultural production process contributes to the global issue of pesticide pollution. Based on the static toxicity test of diuron (DCMU) on <i>Daphnia magna</i> (<i>D. magna</i>) for EC<sub>50</sub>-48 h, a concentration range of 0.2 to 1 mg/L was set as sublethal concentrations, while lethal concentrations were set at 2 mg/L and 4 mg/L. This study analyzes the toxic response patterns of the swimming behavior indicators of <i>D. magna</i> exposed to different concentrations of DCMU. The results showed that the average speed (V) of <i>D. magna</i> decreased step by step with exposure time, regardless of exposure to sublethal concentration or lethal concentration. However, during the same short-term exposure period, the V of <i>D. magna</i> at lethal concentration was higher than that at sublethal concentration, which indicates that the swimming behavior of <i>D. magna</i> exposed to DCMU may be stimulated and accelerated. Compared to the control group, there is a statistically significant difference in the V of <i>D. magna</i> after short-term exposure, especially showing an extremely significant difference after 5 min of exposure. Evidently, compared to the traditional 48 h static toxicity testing method, the swimming behavior indicators of <i>D. magna</i> show a more sensitive response to DCMU after 5 min of exposure, making it more suitable for rapid toxicity detection. By expanding the range of exposure concentrations, it was found that the V indicator of <i>D. magna</i> responded significantly to a DCMU concentration of 0.05 mg/L after only 5 min of exposure, and a high degree of correlation was observed between the indicator and the exposure concentration. Through nonlinear fitting, the relationship between V and the dose–effect of DCMU toxicity presents an S-shaped curve, with R<sup>2</sup> > 0.9. Consequently, it becomes possible to study the dose–effect relationship between the changes in the swimming behavior indicators of <i>D. magna</i> and the stress concentration based on this theory. This further establishes a foundation for the development of comprehensive aquatic toxicity rapid detection technology based on the toxic response of swimming behavior indicators.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/13/5/395herbicideDCMU<i>Daphnia magna</i>swimming behaviortoxic dose–effect
spellingShingle Feihu Qin
Nanjing Zhao
Gaofang Yin
Yunfei Luo
Tingting Gan
Toxicity Response and Swimming Speed Regularity in <i>Daphnia magna</i> After Short-Term Exposure to Diuron
Toxics
herbicide
DCMU
<i>Daphnia magna</i>
swimming behavior
toxic dose–effect
title Toxicity Response and Swimming Speed Regularity in <i>Daphnia magna</i> After Short-Term Exposure to Diuron
title_full Toxicity Response and Swimming Speed Regularity in <i>Daphnia magna</i> After Short-Term Exposure to Diuron
title_fullStr Toxicity Response and Swimming Speed Regularity in <i>Daphnia magna</i> After Short-Term Exposure to Diuron
title_full_unstemmed Toxicity Response and Swimming Speed Regularity in <i>Daphnia magna</i> After Short-Term Exposure to Diuron
title_short Toxicity Response and Swimming Speed Regularity in <i>Daphnia magna</i> After Short-Term Exposure to Diuron
title_sort toxicity response and swimming speed regularity in i daphnia magna i after short term exposure to diuron
topic herbicide
DCMU
<i>Daphnia magna</i>
swimming behavior
toxic dose–effect
url https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/13/5/395
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AT gaofangyin toxicityresponseandswimmingspeedregularityinidaphniamagnaiaftershorttermexposuretodiuron
AT yunfeiluo toxicityresponseandswimmingspeedregularityinidaphniamagnaiaftershorttermexposuretodiuron
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