Predicting the Hydration of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and Recycled Glass Blended Cements

The use of recycled glass powder (RCGP) is investigated as a partial replacement for ground granulated blast furnace slag in blended CEM II/A-LL cements using thermodynamic modelling to simulate cement paste hydration at a water-to-cement (w/c) ratio of 0.5. This study allows a rapid means of examin...

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Main Authors: Mark Tyrer, Mark Richardson, Niall Holmes, John Newell, Marcus Yio, Hong Wong
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Applied Sciences
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/12/6872
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author Mark Tyrer
Mark Richardson
Niall Holmes
John Newell
Marcus Yio
Hong Wong
author_facet Mark Tyrer
Mark Richardson
Niall Holmes
John Newell
Marcus Yio
Hong Wong
author_sort Mark Tyrer
collection DOAJ
description The use of recycled glass powder (RCGP) is investigated as a partial replacement for ground granulated blast furnace slag in blended CEM II/A-LL cements using thermodynamic modelling to simulate cement paste hydration at a water-to-cement (w/c) ratio of 0.5. This study allows a rapid means of examining the likely evolution of these materials over the first two to three years, allowing experimental work to focus on promising formulations. A comparison is made between the evolving solid phase and solution chemistries of four materials: a standard Portland-limestone (CEM II/A-LL), a ‘<i>control</i>’ blend, comprising equal quantities of CEM II/A-LL with GGBS and two novel blended cements containing RCGP. These represent 15% replacement (by mass) of GGBS by RCGP blended with either 40% or 60% CEM II/A-LL. The simulations were performed using the code HYDCEM, a cement hydration simulator, which calls on the thermodynamic model PHREEQC to sequentially simulate the evolution of the four cements. The results suggest that partial replacement of GGBS by 15% RCGP results in no significant change in system chemistry. The partial replacement of cementitious slag by waste container glass provides a route by which this material can be diverted from the landfill inventory, and the mass-balance and energy balance implications will be reported elsewhere.
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spelling doaj-art-d021b3ae2b9344e491c1023c373ca0ec2025-08-20T02:24:35ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172025-06-011512687210.3390/app15126872Predicting the Hydration of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and Recycled Glass Blended CementsMark Tyrer0Mark Richardson1Niall Holmes2John Newell3Marcus Yio4Hong Wong5Eindhoven University of Technology, Department Built Environment, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The NetherlandsSchool of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Belfield, IrelandCollegium Basilea, Hochstrasse 51, CH-4053 Basel, SwitzerlandEcocem, Ireland Limited, Eastpoint, D03 E0C0 Dublin, IrelandCentre for Infrastructure Materials, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UKCentre for Infrastructure Materials, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UKThe use of recycled glass powder (RCGP) is investigated as a partial replacement for ground granulated blast furnace slag in blended CEM II/A-LL cements using thermodynamic modelling to simulate cement paste hydration at a water-to-cement (w/c) ratio of 0.5. This study allows a rapid means of examining the likely evolution of these materials over the first two to three years, allowing experimental work to focus on promising formulations. A comparison is made between the evolving solid phase and solution chemistries of four materials: a standard Portland-limestone (CEM II/A-LL), a ‘<i>control</i>’ blend, comprising equal quantities of CEM II/A-LL with GGBS and two novel blended cements containing RCGP. These represent 15% replacement (by mass) of GGBS by RCGP blended with either 40% or 60% CEM II/A-LL. The simulations were performed using the code HYDCEM, a cement hydration simulator, which calls on the thermodynamic model PHREEQC to sequentially simulate the evolution of the four cements. The results suggest that partial replacement of GGBS by 15% RCGP results in no significant change in system chemistry. The partial replacement of cementitious slag by waste container glass provides a route by which this material can be diverted from the landfill inventory, and the mass-balance and energy balance implications will be reported elsewhere.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/12/6872hydrationrecycled glassblended cementsmodellingslag cementCEM II/A-LL
spellingShingle Mark Tyrer
Mark Richardson
Niall Holmes
John Newell
Marcus Yio
Hong Wong
Predicting the Hydration of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and Recycled Glass Blended Cements
Applied Sciences
hydration
recycled glass
blended cements
modelling
slag cement
CEM II/A-LL
title Predicting the Hydration of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and Recycled Glass Blended Cements
title_full Predicting the Hydration of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and Recycled Glass Blended Cements
title_fullStr Predicting the Hydration of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and Recycled Glass Blended Cements
title_full_unstemmed Predicting the Hydration of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and Recycled Glass Blended Cements
title_short Predicting the Hydration of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and Recycled Glass Blended Cements
title_sort predicting the hydration of ground granulated blast furnace slag and recycled glass blended cements
topic hydration
recycled glass
blended cements
modelling
slag cement
CEM II/A-LL
url https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/12/6872
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AT niallholmes predictingthehydrationofgroundgranulatedblastfurnaceslagandrecycledglassblendedcements
AT johnnewell predictingthehydrationofgroundgranulatedblastfurnaceslagandrecycledglassblendedcements
AT marcusyio predictingthehydrationofgroundgranulatedblastfurnaceslagandrecycledglassblendedcements
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