No detectable impact of chronic oral lactic acid exposure on honey bee health: Insights from survival, lactate accumulation and head transcriptome

Natural acids such as oxalic, formic or lactic acids are used as alternative treatments against Varroa destructor, the parasitic mite of honey bees (Apis mellifera). Lactic acid has recently been shown to impair mites’ grip skills through local action after exposure of adult honey bees. However, lit...

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Main Authors: Caroline Vilarem, Vincent Piou, Lucie Bouly, Frédéric Julien, Rachel Fourdin, Nathalie Vialaneix, Matthias Zytnicki, Angélique Vétillard
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-09-01
Series:Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651325011522
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author Caroline Vilarem
Vincent Piou
Lucie Bouly
Frédéric Julien
Rachel Fourdin
Nathalie Vialaneix
Matthias Zytnicki
Angélique Vétillard
author_facet Caroline Vilarem
Vincent Piou
Lucie Bouly
Frédéric Julien
Rachel Fourdin
Nathalie Vialaneix
Matthias Zytnicki
Angélique Vétillard
author_sort Caroline Vilarem
collection DOAJ
description Natural acids such as oxalic, formic or lactic acids are used as alternative treatments against Varroa destructor, the parasitic mite of honey bees (Apis mellifera). Lactic acid has recently been shown to impair mites’ grip skills through local action after exposure of adult honey bees. However, little is known about the lethal and sublethal effects of lactic acid on honey bees. In this work, we investigated the effects of chronic oral exposure to lactic acid through a contaminated diet on age-controlled worker bees. We monitored survival under artificial conditions, quantified lactate levels in various worker organs (the digestive tract, the thorax, the fat body, the head and the haemolymph) and analysed the transcriptome of the workers’ heads. Our results indicate that consuming lactic acid at residual concentration (1.5 mg/mL) did not impact the survival. No lactate accumulation was detected in any of the honey bee organs analysed. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis on the bees’ heads revealed no differences in gene expression. While further research on sublethal effects is still needed, this work provides one of the first reports on the off-target effects of lactic acid on honey bee health.
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spelling doaj-art-d01c0d5f01bf4daf849e2f29a79f20602025-08-20T03:40:45ZengElsevierEcotoxicology and Environmental Safety0147-65132025-09-0130311880710.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118807No detectable impact of chronic oral lactic acid exposure on honey bee health: Insights from survival, lactate accumulation and head transcriptomeCaroline Vilarem0Vincent Piou1Lucie Bouly2Frédéric Julien3Rachel Fourdin4Nathalie Vialaneix5Matthias Zytnicki6Angélique Vétillard7Centre de Recherche sur la Biodiversité et l’Environnement, UMR5300, CNRS-Université de Toulouse III-IRD, Toulouse INP, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31077, France; M2i Biocontrol, Parnac 46140, France; Corresponding authors at: Centre de Recherche sur la Biodiversité et l’Environnement, UMR5300, CNRS-Université de Toulouse III-IRD, Toulouse INP, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31077, France.Centre de Recherche sur la Biodiversité et l’Environnement, UMR5300, CNRS-Université de Toulouse III-IRD, Toulouse INP, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31077, FranceCentre de Recherche sur la Biodiversité et l’Environnement, UMR5300, CNRS-Université de Toulouse III-IRD, Toulouse INP, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31077, FranceCentre de Recherche sur la Biodiversité et l’Environnement, UMR5300, CNRS-Université de Toulouse III-IRD, Toulouse INP, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31077, FranceINRAE GeT-PlaGe, Castanet-Tolosan 31320, FranceUniversité de Toulouse, INRAE, UR MIAT, Castanet-Tolosan, France; Université de Toulouse, INRAE, BioinfOmics, GenoToul Bioinformatics Facility, Castanet-Tolosan, FranceUniversité de Toulouse, INRAE, UR MIAT, Castanet-Tolosan, France; Université de Toulouse, INRAE, BioinfOmics, GenoToul Bioinformatics Facility, Castanet-Tolosan, FranceCentre de Recherche sur la Biodiversité et l’Environnement, UMR5300, CNRS-Université de Toulouse III-IRD, Toulouse INP, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31077, France; Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM), Unité Métabiot, Ploufragan 22440, France; Corresponding authors at: Centre de Recherche sur la Biodiversité et l’Environnement, UMR5300, CNRS-Université de Toulouse III-IRD, Toulouse INP, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31077, France.Natural acids such as oxalic, formic or lactic acids are used as alternative treatments against Varroa destructor, the parasitic mite of honey bees (Apis mellifera). Lactic acid has recently been shown to impair mites’ grip skills through local action after exposure of adult honey bees. However, little is known about the lethal and sublethal effects of lactic acid on honey bees. In this work, we investigated the effects of chronic oral exposure to lactic acid through a contaminated diet on age-controlled worker bees. We monitored survival under artificial conditions, quantified lactate levels in various worker organs (the digestive tract, the thorax, the fat body, the head and the haemolymph) and analysed the transcriptome of the workers’ heads. Our results indicate that consuming lactic acid at residual concentration (1.5 mg/mL) did not impact the survival. No lactate accumulation was detected in any of the honey bee organs analysed. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis on the bees’ heads revealed no differences in gene expression. While further research on sublethal effects is still needed, this work provides one of the first reports on the off-target effects of lactic acid on honey bee health.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651325011522Sublethal effectRNA seqOrganic acidsSurvivalApis melliferaTreatment
spellingShingle Caroline Vilarem
Vincent Piou
Lucie Bouly
Frédéric Julien
Rachel Fourdin
Nathalie Vialaneix
Matthias Zytnicki
Angélique Vétillard
No detectable impact of chronic oral lactic acid exposure on honey bee health: Insights from survival, lactate accumulation and head transcriptome
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
Sublethal effect
RNA seq
Organic acids
Survival
Apis mellifera
Treatment
title No detectable impact of chronic oral lactic acid exposure on honey bee health: Insights from survival, lactate accumulation and head transcriptome
title_full No detectable impact of chronic oral lactic acid exposure on honey bee health: Insights from survival, lactate accumulation and head transcriptome
title_fullStr No detectable impact of chronic oral lactic acid exposure on honey bee health: Insights from survival, lactate accumulation and head transcriptome
title_full_unstemmed No detectable impact of chronic oral lactic acid exposure on honey bee health: Insights from survival, lactate accumulation and head transcriptome
title_short No detectable impact of chronic oral lactic acid exposure on honey bee health: Insights from survival, lactate accumulation and head transcriptome
title_sort no detectable impact of chronic oral lactic acid exposure on honey bee health insights from survival lactate accumulation and head transcriptome
topic Sublethal effect
RNA seq
Organic acids
Survival
Apis mellifera
Treatment
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651325011522
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