Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid, and invasive non-typhoidal salmonella, and the burden of antimicrobial resistance: a trend analysis study from 1990 to 2021
ObjectivesTo assess the global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fever, and Invasive Non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) from 1990 to 2021, and explore the burden of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella.MethodsData were sourced from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021, focusing on age–...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2025.1588507/full |
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| author | Ke Shi Tongdeng You |
| author_facet | Ke Shi Tongdeng You |
| author_sort | Ke Shi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | ObjectivesTo assess the global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fever, and Invasive Non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) from 1990 to 2021, and explore the burden of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella.MethodsData were sourced from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021, focusing on age–standardized incidence rate (ASIR), mortality rate (ASMR), disability–adjusted life years rate (ASDR), and annualized percent change (EAPC).ResultsFrom 1990 to 2021, the global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fever decreased (EAPC = −4.15; 95% CI: −4.45 to −3.85). In contrast, the burden of iNTS showed a slow increasing trend (EAPC = 0.45; 95% CI: −0.32 to 1.22). The major epidemic trends were concentrated in regions with low and middle Socio–demographic Index (SDI). In high SDI regions, the age group most affected by deaths was 75 years and older, whereas in low SDI regions, particularly for typhoid and paratyphoid fever, deaths were more prevalent among children aged 0–14 years. Disability–adjusted life years (DALYs) and deaths due to multidrug–resistant Salmonella have decreased annually.ConclusionWhile the global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fever has declined, the burden of iNTS continues to rise slowly. The growing antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella further exacerbates the global disease burden. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2296-858X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| spelling | doaj-art-cff5bdb7f59c4d5b8bfe996f3c509a9a2025-08-20T02:32:19ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Medicine2296-858X2025-05-011210.3389/fmed.2025.15885071588507Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid, and invasive non-typhoidal salmonella, and the burden of antimicrobial resistance: a trend analysis study from 1990 to 2021Ke ShiTongdeng YouObjectivesTo assess the global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fever, and Invasive Non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) from 1990 to 2021, and explore the burden of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella.MethodsData were sourced from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021, focusing on age–standardized incidence rate (ASIR), mortality rate (ASMR), disability–adjusted life years rate (ASDR), and annualized percent change (EAPC).ResultsFrom 1990 to 2021, the global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fever decreased (EAPC = −4.15; 95% CI: −4.45 to −3.85). In contrast, the burden of iNTS showed a slow increasing trend (EAPC = 0.45; 95% CI: −0.32 to 1.22). The major epidemic trends were concentrated in regions with low and middle Socio–demographic Index (SDI). In high SDI regions, the age group most affected by deaths was 75 years and older, whereas in low SDI regions, particularly for typhoid and paratyphoid fever, deaths were more prevalent among children aged 0–14 years. Disability–adjusted life years (DALYs) and deaths due to multidrug–resistant Salmonella have decreased annually.ConclusionWhile the global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fever has declined, the burden of iNTS continues to rise slowly. The growing antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella further exacerbates the global disease burden.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2025.1588507/fulltyphoid and paratyphoidInvasive Non-typhoidal Salmonellaantimicrobial resistanceincidenceDALYsmortality |
| spellingShingle | Ke Shi Tongdeng You Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid, and invasive non-typhoidal salmonella, and the burden of antimicrobial resistance: a trend analysis study from 1990 to 2021 Frontiers in Medicine typhoid and paratyphoid Invasive Non-typhoidal Salmonella antimicrobial resistance incidence DALYs mortality |
| title | Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid, and invasive non-typhoidal salmonella, and the burden of antimicrobial resistance: a trend analysis study from 1990 to 2021 |
| title_full | Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid, and invasive non-typhoidal salmonella, and the burden of antimicrobial resistance: a trend analysis study from 1990 to 2021 |
| title_fullStr | Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid, and invasive non-typhoidal salmonella, and the burden of antimicrobial resistance: a trend analysis study from 1990 to 2021 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid, and invasive non-typhoidal salmonella, and the burden of antimicrobial resistance: a trend analysis study from 1990 to 2021 |
| title_short | Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid, and invasive non-typhoidal salmonella, and the burden of antimicrobial resistance: a trend analysis study from 1990 to 2021 |
| title_sort | global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid and invasive non typhoidal salmonella and the burden of antimicrobial resistance a trend analysis study from 1990 to 2021 |
| topic | typhoid and paratyphoid Invasive Non-typhoidal Salmonella antimicrobial resistance incidence DALYs mortality |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2025.1588507/full |
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