Agronomic Performance of Newly Developed Elite Cowpea Mutant Lines in Eswatini
Cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i> [L.] Walp) is a vital food security crop in sub-Saharan Africa, including Eswatini. The productivity of the crop is low (<600 kg/ha) in the country due to a lack of improved, locally adapted, and farmer-preferred varieties with biotic and abiotic stres...
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2025-07-01
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| author | Kwazi A. K. Mkhonta Hussein Shimelis Seltene Abady Asande Ngidi |
| author_facet | Kwazi A. K. Mkhonta Hussein Shimelis Seltene Abady Asande Ngidi |
| author_sort | Kwazi A. K. Mkhonta |
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| description | Cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i> [L.] Walp) is a vital food security crop in sub-Saharan Africa, including Eswatini. The productivity of the crop is low (<600 kg/ha) in the country due to a lack of improved, locally adapted, and farmer-preferred varieties with biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. The objective of the study was to assess the agronomic performance of newly developed elite cowpea mutants to select best-yielding and adapted pure lines for production and genetic improvement in Eswatini. A total of 30 cowpea genotypes, including 24 newly developed advanced mutant lines, their 3 founder parents and 3 local checks, were profiled for major agronomic traits in two selected sites (Lowveld Experiment and Malkerns Research Stations) using a 6 × 5 alpha lattice design with three replications. A combined analysis of variance revealed that the genotype x location interaction effects were significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05) for germination percentage (DG %), days to flowering (DTF), days to maturity (DMT), number of pods per plant (NPP), pod length (PDL), number of seeds per pod (NSP), hundred seed weight (HSW), and grain yield (GYD). Elite mutant genotypes, including NKL9P7, BRR4P11, SHR9P5, and NKL9P7-2 exhibited higher grain yields at 3158.8 kg/ha, 2651.6 kg/ha, 2627.5 kg/ha, and 2255.8 kg/ha in that order. The highest-yielding mutant, NKL9P7, produced 70%, 61%, and 54% more grain yield than the check varieties Mtilane, Black Eye, and Accession 792, respectively. Furthermore, the selected genotypes displayed promising yield components such as better PDL (varying from 13.1 to 26.3 cm), NPP (15.9 to 26.8), and NSP (9.8 to 16.2). Grain yield had significant positive correlations (<i>p</i> < 0.05) with DG %, NSP, and NPP. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that 81.5% of the total genotypic variation was attributable to the assessed quantitative traits. Principal component (PC) 1 accounted for 48.6%, while PC 2 and PC 3 contributed 18.9% and 14% of the overall variation, respectively. Key traits correlated with PC1 were NPP with a loading score of 0.91, NSP (0.83), PDL (0.73), GYD (0.68), HSW (0.58), DMT (−0.60), and DTF (−0.43) in a desirable direction. In conclusion, genotypes NKL9P7, BRR4P11, SHR9P5, NKL9P7-2, Bira, SHR3P4, and SHR2P7 were identified as complementary parents with relatively best yields and local adaptation, making them ideal selections for direct production or breeding. The following traits, NPP, NSP, PDL, GYD, and HSW, offered unique opportunities for genotype selection in the cowpea breeding program in Eswatini. |
| format | Article |
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| spelling | doaj-art-cfa5651a3fc3417998d192e3020d5ccd2025-08-20T03:02:55ZengMDPI AGAgriculture2077-04722025-07-011515163110.3390/agriculture15151631Agronomic Performance of Newly Developed Elite Cowpea Mutant Lines in EswatiniKwazi A. K. Mkhonta0Hussein Shimelis1Seltene Abady2Asande Ngidi3African Centre for Crop Improvement (ACCI), School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences (SAEES), College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science (CAES), University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Pietermaritzburg 3209, South AfricaAfrican Centre for Crop Improvement (ACCI), School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences (SAEES), College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science (CAES), University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Pietermaritzburg 3209, South AfricaAfrican Centre for Crop Improvement (ACCI), School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences (SAEES), College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science (CAES), University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Pietermaritzburg 3209, South AfricaAfrican Centre for Crop Improvement (ACCI), School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences (SAEES), College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science (CAES), University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Pietermaritzburg 3209, South AfricaCowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i> [L.] Walp) is a vital food security crop in sub-Saharan Africa, including Eswatini. The productivity of the crop is low (<600 kg/ha) in the country due to a lack of improved, locally adapted, and farmer-preferred varieties with biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. The objective of the study was to assess the agronomic performance of newly developed elite cowpea mutants to select best-yielding and adapted pure lines for production and genetic improvement in Eswatini. A total of 30 cowpea genotypes, including 24 newly developed advanced mutant lines, their 3 founder parents and 3 local checks, were profiled for major agronomic traits in two selected sites (Lowveld Experiment and Malkerns Research Stations) using a 6 × 5 alpha lattice design with three replications. A combined analysis of variance revealed that the genotype x location interaction effects were significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05) for germination percentage (DG %), days to flowering (DTF), days to maturity (DMT), number of pods per plant (NPP), pod length (PDL), number of seeds per pod (NSP), hundred seed weight (HSW), and grain yield (GYD). Elite mutant genotypes, including NKL9P7, BRR4P11, SHR9P5, and NKL9P7-2 exhibited higher grain yields at 3158.8 kg/ha, 2651.6 kg/ha, 2627.5 kg/ha, and 2255.8 kg/ha in that order. The highest-yielding mutant, NKL9P7, produced 70%, 61%, and 54% more grain yield than the check varieties Mtilane, Black Eye, and Accession 792, respectively. Furthermore, the selected genotypes displayed promising yield components such as better PDL (varying from 13.1 to 26.3 cm), NPP (15.9 to 26.8), and NSP (9.8 to 16.2). Grain yield had significant positive correlations (<i>p</i> < 0.05) with DG %, NSP, and NPP. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that 81.5% of the total genotypic variation was attributable to the assessed quantitative traits. Principal component (PC) 1 accounted for 48.6%, while PC 2 and PC 3 contributed 18.9% and 14% of the overall variation, respectively. Key traits correlated with PC1 were NPP with a loading score of 0.91, NSP (0.83), PDL (0.73), GYD (0.68), HSW (0.58), DMT (−0.60), and DTF (−0.43) in a desirable direction. In conclusion, genotypes NKL9P7, BRR4P11, SHR9P5, NKL9P7-2, Bira, SHR3P4, and SHR2P7 were identified as complementary parents with relatively best yields and local adaptation, making them ideal selections for direct production or breeding. The following traits, NPP, NSP, PDL, GYD, and HSW, offered unique opportunities for genotype selection in the cowpea breeding program in Eswatini.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/15/15/1631cowpeaEswatinigenetic diversitymutant varietiesphenotypic traitsyield components |
| spellingShingle | Kwazi A. K. Mkhonta Hussein Shimelis Seltene Abady Asande Ngidi Agronomic Performance of Newly Developed Elite Cowpea Mutant Lines in Eswatini Agriculture cowpea Eswatini genetic diversity mutant varieties phenotypic traits yield components |
| title | Agronomic Performance of Newly Developed Elite Cowpea Mutant Lines in Eswatini |
| title_full | Agronomic Performance of Newly Developed Elite Cowpea Mutant Lines in Eswatini |
| title_fullStr | Agronomic Performance of Newly Developed Elite Cowpea Mutant Lines in Eswatini |
| title_full_unstemmed | Agronomic Performance of Newly Developed Elite Cowpea Mutant Lines in Eswatini |
| title_short | Agronomic Performance of Newly Developed Elite Cowpea Mutant Lines in Eswatini |
| title_sort | agronomic performance of newly developed elite cowpea mutant lines in eswatini |
| topic | cowpea Eswatini genetic diversity mutant varieties phenotypic traits yield components |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/15/15/1631 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kwaziakmkhonta agronomicperformanceofnewlydevelopedelitecowpeamutantlinesineswatini AT husseinshimelis agronomicperformanceofnewlydevelopedelitecowpeamutantlinesineswatini AT selteneabady agronomicperformanceofnewlydevelopedelitecowpeamutantlinesineswatini AT asandengidi agronomicperformanceofnewlydevelopedelitecowpeamutantlinesineswatini |