The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Search for Signals from New Physics
The 15 yr pulsar timing data set collected by the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav) shows positive evidence for the presence of a low-frequency gravitational-wave (GW) background. In this paper, we investigate potential cosmological interpretations of this signa...
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2023-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/acdc91 |
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| author | Adeela Afzal Gabriella Agazie Akash Anumarlapudi Anne M. Archibald Zaven Arzoumanian Paul T. Baker Bence Bécsy Jose Juan Blanco-Pillado Laura Blecha Kimberly K. Boddy Adam Brazier Paul R. Brook Sarah Burke-Spolaor Rand Burnette Robin Case Maria Charisi Shami Chatterjee Katerina Chatziioannou Belinda D. Cheeseboro Siyuan Chen Tyler Cohen James M. Cordes Neil J. Cornish Fronefield Crawford H. Thankful Cromartie Kathryn Crowter Curt J. Cutler Megan E. DeCesar Dallas DeGan Paul B. Demorest Heling Deng Timothy Dolch Brendan Drachler Richard von Eckardstein Elizabeth C. Ferrara William Fiore Emmanuel Fonseca Gabriel E. Freedman Nate Garver-Daniels Peter A. Gentile Kyle A. Gersbach Joseph Glaser Deborah C. Good Lydia Guertin Kayhan Gültekin Jeffrey S. Hazboun Sophie Hourihane Kristina Islo Ross J. Jennings Aaron D. Johnson Megan L. Jones Andrew R. Kaiser David L. Kaplan Luke Zoltan Kelley Matthew Kerr Joey S. Key Nima Laal Michael T. Lam William G. Lamb T. Joseph W. Lazio Vincent S. H. Lee Natalia Lewandowska Rafael R. Lino dos Santos Tyson B. Littenberg Tingting Liu Duncan R. Lorimer Jing Luo Ryan S. Lynch Chung-Pei Ma Dustin R. Madison Alexander McEwen James W. McKee Maura A. McLaughlin Natasha McMann Bradley W. Meyers Patrick M. Meyers Chiara M. F. Mingarelli Andrea Mitridate Jonathan Nay Priyamvada Natarajan Cherry Ng David J. Nice Stella Koch Ocker Ken D. Olum Timothy T. Pennucci Benetge B. P. Perera Polina Petrov Nihan S. Pol Henri A. Radovan Scott M. Ransom Paul S. Ray Joseph D. Romano Shashwat C. Sardesai Ann Schmiedekamp Carl Schmiedekamp Kai Schmitz Tobias Schröder Levi Schult Brent J. Shapiro-Albert Xavier Siemens Joseph Simon Magdalena S. Siwek Ingrid H. Stairs Daniel R. Stinebring Kevin Stovall Peter Stratmann Jerry P. Sun Abhimanyu Susobhanan Joseph K. Swiggum Jacob Taylor Stephen R. Taylor Tanner Trickle Jacob E. Turner Caner Unal Michele Vallisneri Sonali Verma Sarah J. Vigeland Haley M. Wahl Qiaohong Wang Caitlin A. Witt David Wright Olivia Young Kathryn M. Zurek The NANOGrav Collaboration |
| author_facet | Adeela Afzal Gabriella Agazie Akash Anumarlapudi Anne M. Archibald Zaven Arzoumanian Paul T. Baker Bence Bécsy Jose Juan Blanco-Pillado Laura Blecha Kimberly K. Boddy Adam Brazier Paul R. Brook Sarah Burke-Spolaor Rand Burnette Robin Case Maria Charisi Shami Chatterjee Katerina Chatziioannou Belinda D. Cheeseboro Siyuan Chen Tyler Cohen James M. Cordes Neil J. Cornish Fronefield Crawford H. Thankful Cromartie Kathryn Crowter Curt J. Cutler Megan E. DeCesar Dallas DeGan Paul B. Demorest Heling Deng Timothy Dolch Brendan Drachler Richard von Eckardstein Elizabeth C. Ferrara William Fiore Emmanuel Fonseca Gabriel E. Freedman Nate Garver-Daniels Peter A. Gentile Kyle A. Gersbach Joseph Glaser Deborah C. Good Lydia Guertin Kayhan Gültekin Jeffrey S. Hazboun Sophie Hourihane Kristina Islo Ross J. Jennings Aaron D. Johnson Megan L. Jones Andrew R. Kaiser David L. Kaplan Luke Zoltan Kelley Matthew Kerr Joey S. Key Nima Laal Michael T. Lam William G. Lamb T. Joseph W. Lazio Vincent S. H. Lee Natalia Lewandowska Rafael R. Lino dos Santos Tyson B. Littenberg Tingting Liu Duncan R. Lorimer Jing Luo Ryan S. Lynch Chung-Pei Ma Dustin R. Madison Alexander McEwen James W. McKee Maura A. McLaughlin Natasha McMann Bradley W. Meyers Patrick M. Meyers Chiara M. F. Mingarelli Andrea Mitridate Jonathan Nay Priyamvada Natarajan Cherry Ng David J. Nice Stella Koch Ocker Ken D. Olum Timothy T. Pennucci Benetge B. P. Perera Polina Petrov Nihan S. Pol Henri A. Radovan Scott M. Ransom Paul S. Ray Joseph D. Romano Shashwat C. Sardesai Ann Schmiedekamp Carl Schmiedekamp Kai Schmitz Tobias Schröder Levi Schult Brent J. Shapiro-Albert Xavier Siemens Joseph Simon Magdalena S. Siwek Ingrid H. Stairs Daniel R. Stinebring Kevin Stovall Peter Stratmann Jerry P. Sun Abhimanyu Susobhanan Joseph K. Swiggum Jacob Taylor Stephen R. Taylor Tanner Trickle Jacob E. Turner Caner Unal Michele Vallisneri Sonali Verma Sarah J. Vigeland Haley M. Wahl Qiaohong Wang Caitlin A. Witt David Wright Olivia Young Kathryn M. Zurek The NANOGrav Collaboration |
| author_sort | Adeela Afzal |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The 15 yr pulsar timing data set collected by the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav) shows positive evidence for the presence of a low-frequency gravitational-wave (GW) background. In this paper, we investigate potential cosmological interpretations of this signal, specifically cosmic inflation, scalar-induced GWs, first-order phase transitions, cosmic strings, and domain walls. We find that, with the exception of stable cosmic strings of field theory origin, all these models can reproduce the observed signal. When compared to the standard interpretation in terms of inspiraling supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs), many cosmological models seem to provide a better fit resulting in Bayes factors in the range from 10 to 100. However, these results strongly depend on modeling assumptions about the cosmic SMBHB population and, at this stage, should not be regarded as evidence for new physics. Furthermore, we identify excluded parameter regions where the predicted GW signal from cosmological sources significantly exceeds the NANOGrav signal. These parameter constraints are independent of the origin of the NANOGrav signal and illustrate how pulsar timing data provide a new way to constrain the parameter space of these models. Finally, we search for deterministic signals produced by models of ultralight dark matter (ULDM) and dark matter substructures in the Milky Way. We find no evidence for either of these signals and thus report updated constraints on these models. In the case of ULDM, these constraints outperform torsion balance and atomic clock constraints for ULDM coupled to electrons, muons, or gluons. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-cf5380e2dfef472ea3efc6cea4584b49 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2041-8205 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Astrophysical Journal Letters |
| spelling | doaj-art-cf5380e2dfef472ea3efc6cea4584b492025-08-20T03:51:59ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal Letters2041-82052023-01-019511L1110.3847/2041-8213/acdc91The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Search for Signals from New PhysicsAdeela Afzal0https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4439-5342Gabriella Agazie1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5134-3925Akash Anumarlapudi2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8935-9882Anne M. Archibald3https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0638-3340Zaven Arzoumanian4Paul T. Baker5https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2745-753XBence Bécsy6https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0909-5563Jose Juan Blanco-Pillado7https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2260-9047Laura Blecha8https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2183-1087Kimberly K. Boddy9https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1928-4667Adam Brazier10https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6341-7178Paul R. Brook11https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3053-6538Sarah Burke-Spolaor12https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4052-7838Rand Burnette13Robin Case14Maria Charisi15https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3579-2522Shami Chatterjee16https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2878-1502Katerina Chatziioannou17https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5833-413XBelinda D. Cheeseboro18Siyuan Chen19https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3118-5963Tyler Cohen20https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7587-5483James M. Cordes21https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4049-1882Neil J. Cornish22https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7435-0869Fronefield Crawford23https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2578-0360H. Thankful Cromartie24https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6039-692XKathryn Crowter25https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1529-5169Curt J. Cutler26https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2080-1468Megan E. DeCesar27https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2185-1790Dallas DeGan28Paul B. Demorest29https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6664-965XHeling Deng30Timothy Dolch31https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8885-6388Brendan Drachler32Richard von Eckardstein33https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9176-2343Elizabeth C. Ferrara34https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7828-7708William Fiore35https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5645-5336Emmanuel Fonseca36https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8384-5049Gabriel E. Freedman37https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7624-4616Nate Garver-Daniels38https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6166-9646Peter A. Gentile39https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8158-683XKyle A. Gersbach40Joseph Glaser41https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4090-9780Deborah C. Good42https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1884-348XLydia Guertin43Kayhan Gültekin44https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1146-0198Jeffrey S. Hazboun45https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2742-3321Sophie Hourihane46Kristina Islo47Ross J. Jennings48https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1082-2342Aaron D. Johnson49https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7445-8423Megan L. Jones50https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6607-3710Andrew R. Kaiser51https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3654-980XDavid L. Kaplan52https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6295-2881Luke Zoltan Kelley53https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6625-6450Matthew Kerr54https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0893-4073Joey S. Key55https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0123-7600Nima Laal56https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9197-7604Michael T. Lam57https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0721-651XWilliam G. Lamb58https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1096-4156T. Joseph W. Lazio59Vincent S. H. Lee60https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3481-3590Natalia Lewandowska61https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0771-6581Rafael R. Lino dos Santos62https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7996-5045Tyson B. Littenberg63https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9574-578XTingting Liu64https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5766-4287Duncan R. Lorimer65https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1301-966XJing Luo66https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5373-5914Ryan S. Lynch67https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5229-7430Chung-Pei Ma68https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4430-102XDustin R. Madison69https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2285-0404Alexander McEwen70https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5481-7559James W. McKee71https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2885-8485Maura A. McLaughlin72https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7697-7422Natasha McMann73https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4642-1260Bradley W. Meyers74https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8845-1225Patrick M. Meyers75https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2689-0190Chiara M. F. Mingarelli76https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4307-1322Andrea Mitridate77https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2898-5844Jonathan Nay78Priyamvada Natarajan79https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5554-8896Cherry Ng80https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3616-5160David J. Nice81https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6709-2566Stella Koch Ocker82https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4941-5333Ken D. Olum83https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2027-3714Timothy T. Pennucci84https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5465-2889Benetge B. P. Perera85https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8509-5947Polina Petrov86https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5681-4319Nihan S. Pol87https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8826-1285Henri A. Radovan88https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2074-4360Scott M. Ransom89https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5799-9714Paul S. Ray90https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5297-5278Joseph D. Romano91https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4915-3246Shashwat C. Sardesai92https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5476-3603Ann Schmiedekamp93https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4391-936XCarl Schmiedekamp94https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1283-2184Kai Schmitz95https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2807-6472Tobias Schröder96https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4658-2857Levi Schult97https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6425-7807Brent J. Shapiro-Albert98https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7283-1124Xavier Siemens99https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-2990Joseph Simon100https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1407-6607Magdalena S. Siwek101https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1530-9778Ingrid H. Stairs102https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9784-8670Daniel R. Stinebring103https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1797-3277Kevin Stovall104https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7261-594XPeter Stratmann105https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1978-3351Jerry P. Sun106https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7933-493XAbhimanyu Susobhanan107https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2820-0931Joseph K. Swiggum108https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1075-3837Jacob Taylor109Stephen R. Taylor110https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0264-1453Tanner Trickle111https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1371-4988Jacob E. Turner112https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2451-7288Caner Unal113https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8800-0192Michele Vallisneri114https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4162-0033Sonali Verma115https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0932-6838Sarah J. Vigeland116https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4700-9072Haley M. Wahl117https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9678-0299Qiaohong Wang118Caitlin A. Witt119https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6020-9274David Wright120https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1562-4679Olivia Young121https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0883-0688Kathryn M. Zurek122https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2629-337XThe NANOGrav CollaborationInstitute for Theoretical Physics, University of Münster , D-48149 Münster, Germany ; comments@nanograv.org; Department of Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad, 45320, PakistanCenter for Gravitation, Cosmology and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee , P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USACenter for Gravitation, Cosmology and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee , P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USANewcastle University , NE1 7RU, UKX-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Code 662, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Widener University, One University Place , Chester, PA 19013, USADepartment of Physics, Oregon State University , Corvallis, OR 97331, USADepartment of Physics, University of Basque Country , UPV/EHU, E-48080, Bilbao, Spain; EHU Quantum Center, University of Basque Country , UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain; IKERBASQUE , Basque Foundation for Science, E-48011, Bilbao, SpainPhysics Department, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USADepartment of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX 78712, USACornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science and Department of Astronomy, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Cornell Center for Advanced Computing, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY 14853, USAInstitute for Gravitational Wave Astronomy and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UKDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University , P.O. Box 6315, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Center for Gravitational Waves and Cosmology, West Virginia University , Chestnut Ridge Research Building, Morgantown, WV 26505, USADepartment of Physics, Oregon State University , Corvallis, OR 97331, USADepartment of Physics, Oregon State University , Corvallis, OR 97331, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University , 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USACornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science and Department of Astronomy, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY 14853, USADivision of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91125, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University , P.O. 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Box 6315, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Center for Gravitational Waves and Cosmology, West Virginia University , Chestnut Ridge Research Building, Morgantown, WV 26505, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University , 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia , 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada; International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, Curtin University , Bentley, WA 6102, AustraliaDivision of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91125, USADepartment of Physics, University of Connecticut , 196 Auditorium Road, U-3046, Storrs, CT 06269-3046, USA; Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute , 162 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA; Department of Physics, Yale University , New Haven, CT 06520, USADeutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY , Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, GermanyDepartment of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX 78712, USADepartment of Astronomy, Yale University , 52 Hillhouse Ave., New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Black Hole Initiative, Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USADunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto , 50 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, CanadaDepartment of Physics, Lafayette College , Easton, PA 18042, USACornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science and Department of Astronomy, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY 14853, USAInstitute of Cosmology, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University , Medford, MA 02155, USAInstitute of Physics and Astronomy, Eötvös Loránd University , Pázmány P.s. 1/A, 1117 Budapest, HungaryArecibo Observatory , HC3 Box 53995, Arecibo, PR 00612, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University , 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University , 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USADepartment of Physics, University of Puerto Rico , Mayagüez, PR 00681, USANational Radio Astronomy Observatory , 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USASpace Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory , Washington, DC 20375-5352, USADepartment of Physics, Texas Tech University , Box 41051, Lubbock, TX 79409, USACenter for Gravitation, Cosmology and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee , P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USADepartment of Physics, Penn State Abington , Abington, PA 19001, USADepartment of Physics, Penn State Abington , Abington, PA 19001, USAInstitute for Theoretical Physics, University of Münster , D-48149 Münster, Germany ; comments@nanograv.orgInstitute for Theoretical Physics, University of Münster , D-48149 Münster, Germany ; comments@nanograv.orgDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University , 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University , P.O. Box 6315, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Center for Gravitational Waves and Cosmology, West Virginia University , Chestnut Ridge Research Building, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; Giant Army , 915A 17th Ave., Seattle, WA 98122, USACenter for Gravitation, Cosmology and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee , P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA; Department of Physics, Oregon State University , Corvallis, OR 97331, USADepartment of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder, CO 80309, USACenter for Astrophysics, Harvard University , 60 Garden St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia , 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, CanadaDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Oberlin College , Oberlin, OH 44074, USANational Radio Astronomy Observatory , 1003 Lopezville Rd., Socorro, NM 87801, USAInstitute for Theoretical Physics, University of Münster , D-48149 Münster, Germany ; comments@nanograv.orgDepartment of Physics, Oregon State University , Corvallis, OR 97331, USACenter for Gravitation, Cosmology and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee , P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USADepartment of Physics, Lafayette College , Easton, PA 18042, USADepartment of Physics, Oregon State University , Corvallis, OR 97331, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University , 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USATheoretical Physics Division, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory , Batavia, IL 60510, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University , P.O. Box 6315, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Center for Gravitational Waves and Cosmology, West Virginia University , Chestnut Ridge Research Building, Morgantown, WV 26505, USADepartment of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Be’er Sheva 84105, Israel; Feza Gursey Institute, Bogazici University , Kandilli, 34684, Istanbul, TurkeyDivision of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USADeutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY , Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany; Scuola Normale Superiore , Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56100 Pisa, ItalyCenter for Gravitation, Cosmology and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee , P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University , P.O. Box 6315, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Center for Gravitational Waves and Cosmology, West Virginia University , Chestnut Ridge Research Building, Morgantown, WV 26505, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University , 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USACenter for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University , Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Adler Planetarium , 1300 S. DuSable Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, IL 60605, USADepartment of Physics, University of Central Florida , Orlando, FL 32816-2385, USASchool of Physics and Astronomy, Rochester Institute of Technology , Rochester, NY 14623, USA; Laboratory for Multiwavelength Astrophysics, Rochester Institute of Technology , Rochester, NY 14623, USAWalter Burke Institute for Theoretical Physics California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USAThe 15 yr pulsar timing data set collected by the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav) shows positive evidence for the presence of a low-frequency gravitational-wave (GW) background. In this paper, we investigate potential cosmological interpretations of this signal, specifically cosmic inflation, scalar-induced GWs, first-order phase transitions, cosmic strings, and domain walls. We find that, with the exception of stable cosmic strings of field theory origin, all these models can reproduce the observed signal. When compared to the standard interpretation in terms of inspiraling supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs), many cosmological models seem to provide a better fit resulting in Bayes factors in the range from 10 to 100. However, these results strongly depend on modeling assumptions about the cosmic SMBHB population and, at this stage, should not be regarded as evidence for new physics. Furthermore, we identify excluded parameter regions where the predicted GW signal from cosmological sources significantly exceeds the NANOGrav signal. These parameter constraints are independent of the origin of the NANOGrav signal and illustrate how pulsar timing data provide a new way to constrain the parameter space of these models. Finally, we search for deterministic signals produced by models of ultralight dark matter (ULDM) and dark matter substructures in the Milky Way. We find no evidence for either of these signals and thus report updated constraints on these models. In the case of ULDM, these constraints outperform torsion balance and atomic clock constraints for ULDM coupled to electrons, muons, or gluons.https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/acdc91Gravitational wavesCosmologyParticle astrophysicsGravitational wave sources |
| spellingShingle | Adeela Afzal Gabriella Agazie Akash Anumarlapudi Anne M. Archibald Zaven Arzoumanian Paul T. Baker Bence Bécsy Jose Juan Blanco-Pillado Laura Blecha Kimberly K. Boddy Adam Brazier Paul R. Brook Sarah Burke-Spolaor Rand Burnette Robin Case Maria Charisi Shami Chatterjee Katerina Chatziioannou Belinda D. Cheeseboro Siyuan Chen Tyler Cohen James M. Cordes Neil J. Cornish Fronefield Crawford H. Thankful Cromartie Kathryn Crowter Curt J. Cutler Megan E. DeCesar Dallas DeGan Paul B. Demorest Heling Deng Timothy Dolch Brendan Drachler Richard von Eckardstein Elizabeth C. Ferrara William Fiore Emmanuel Fonseca Gabriel E. Freedman Nate Garver-Daniels Peter A. Gentile Kyle A. Gersbach Joseph Glaser Deborah C. Good Lydia Guertin Kayhan Gültekin Jeffrey S. Hazboun Sophie Hourihane Kristina Islo Ross J. Jennings Aaron D. Johnson Megan L. Jones Andrew R. Kaiser David L. Kaplan Luke Zoltan Kelley Matthew Kerr Joey S. Key Nima Laal Michael T. Lam William G. Lamb T. Joseph W. Lazio Vincent S. H. Lee Natalia Lewandowska Rafael R. Lino dos Santos Tyson B. Littenberg Tingting Liu Duncan R. Lorimer Jing Luo Ryan S. Lynch Chung-Pei Ma Dustin R. Madison Alexander McEwen James W. McKee Maura A. McLaughlin Natasha McMann Bradley W. Meyers Patrick M. Meyers Chiara M. F. Mingarelli Andrea Mitridate Jonathan Nay Priyamvada Natarajan Cherry Ng David J. Nice Stella Koch Ocker Ken D. Olum Timothy T. Pennucci Benetge B. P. Perera Polina Petrov Nihan S. Pol Henri A. Radovan Scott M. Ransom Paul S. Ray Joseph D. Romano Shashwat C. Sardesai Ann Schmiedekamp Carl Schmiedekamp Kai Schmitz Tobias Schröder Levi Schult Brent J. Shapiro-Albert Xavier Siemens Joseph Simon Magdalena S. Siwek Ingrid H. Stairs Daniel R. Stinebring Kevin Stovall Peter Stratmann Jerry P. Sun Abhimanyu Susobhanan Joseph K. Swiggum Jacob Taylor Stephen R. Taylor Tanner Trickle Jacob E. Turner Caner Unal Michele Vallisneri Sonali Verma Sarah J. Vigeland Haley M. Wahl Qiaohong Wang Caitlin A. Witt David Wright Olivia Young Kathryn M. Zurek The NANOGrav Collaboration The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Search for Signals from New Physics The Astrophysical Journal Letters Gravitational waves Cosmology Particle astrophysics Gravitational wave sources |
| title | The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Search for Signals from New Physics |
| title_full | The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Search for Signals from New Physics |
| title_fullStr | The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Search for Signals from New Physics |
| title_full_unstemmed | The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Search for Signals from New Physics |
| title_short | The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Search for Signals from New Physics |
| title_sort | nanograv 15 yr data set search for signals from new physics |
| topic | Gravitational waves Cosmology Particle astrophysics Gravitational wave sources |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/acdc91 |
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