Hydroxychloroquine: a comprehensive review and its controversial role in coronavirus disease 2019
Hydroxychloroquine, initially used as an antimalarial, is used as an immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory agent for the management of autoimmune and rheumatic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. Lately, there has been interest in its potential efficacy against severe acute respiratory s...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Taylor & Francis Group
2021-01-01
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| Series: | Annals of Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/07853890.2020.1839959 |
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| author | Pankaj Bansal Amandeep Goyal Austin Cusick Shubham Lahan Harpal S. Dhaliwal Poonam Bhyan Pradnya Brijmohan Bhattad Fawad Aslam Sagar Ranka Tarun Dalia Lovely Chhabra Devang Sanghavi Bhavin Sonani John M. Davis |
| author_facet | Pankaj Bansal Amandeep Goyal Austin Cusick Shubham Lahan Harpal S. Dhaliwal Poonam Bhyan Pradnya Brijmohan Bhattad Fawad Aslam Sagar Ranka Tarun Dalia Lovely Chhabra Devang Sanghavi Bhavin Sonani John M. Davis |
| author_sort | Pankaj Bansal |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Hydroxychloroquine, initially used as an antimalarial, is used as an immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory agent for the management of autoimmune and rheumatic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. Lately, there has been interest in its potential efficacy against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, with several speculated mechanisms. The purpose of this review is to elaborate on the mechanisms surrounding hydroxychloroquine. The review is an in-depth analysis of the antimalarial, immunomodulatory, and antiviral mechanisms of hydroxychloroquine, with detailed and novel pictorial explanations. The mechanisms of hydroxychloroquine are related to potential cardiotoxic manifestations and demonstrate potential adverse effects when used for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Finally, current literature associated with hydroxychloroquine and COVID-19 has been analyzed to interrelate the mechanisms, adverse effects, and use of hydroxychloroquine in the current pandemic. Currently, there is insufficient evidence about the efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19.KEY MESSAGESHCQ, initially an antimalarial agent, is used as an immunomodulatory agent for managing several autoimmune diseases, for which its efficacy is linked to inhibiting lysosomal antigen processing, MHC-II antigen presentation, and TLR functions.HCQ is generally well-tolerated although severe life-threatening adverse effects including cardiomyopathy and conduction defects have been reported.HCQ use in COVID-19 should be discouraged outside clinical trials under strict medical supervision. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-cf3273e9cd1549ca80ecaab7362d08f7 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 0785-3890 1365-2060 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Annals of Medicine |
| spelling | doaj-art-cf3273e9cd1549ca80ecaab7362d08f72025-08-20T03:44:04ZengTaylor & Francis GroupAnnals of Medicine0785-38901365-20602021-01-0153111713410.1080/07853890.2020.1839959Hydroxychloroquine: a comprehensive review and its controversial role in coronavirus disease 2019Pankaj Bansal0Amandeep Goyal1Austin Cusick2Shubham Lahan3Harpal S. Dhaliwal4Poonam Bhyan5Pradnya Brijmohan Bhattad6Fawad Aslam7Sagar Ranka8Tarun Dalia9Lovely Chhabra10Devang Sanghavi11Bhavin Sonani12John M. Davis13Mayo Clinic Health System, Eau Claire, WI, USAUniversity of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USAOhio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USAUniversity College of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, IndiaChristian Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, IndiaCape Fear Valley Hospital, Fayetteville, NC, USAEast Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USAMayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA, USAUniversity of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USAUniversity of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USAHeartland Regional Medical Center, Southern IL University, Carbondale, IL, USAMayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USAHSHS St John’s Hospital, Springfield, IL, USAMayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USAHydroxychloroquine, initially used as an antimalarial, is used as an immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory agent for the management of autoimmune and rheumatic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. Lately, there has been interest in its potential efficacy against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, with several speculated mechanisms. The purpose of this review is to elaborate on the mechanisms surrounding hydroxychloroquine. The review is an in-depth analysis of the antimalarial, immunomodulatory, and antiviral mechanisms of hydroxychloroquine, with detailed and novel pictorial explanations. The mechanisms of hydroxychloroquine are related to potential cardiotoxic manifestations and demonstrate potential adverse effects when used for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Finally, current literature associated with hydroxychloroquine and COVID-19 has been analyzed to interrelate the mechanisms, adverse effects, and use of hydroxychloroquine in the current pandemic. Currently, there is insufficient evidence about the efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19.KEY MESSAGESHCQ, initially an antimalarial agent, is used as an immunomodulatory agent for managing several autoimmune diseases, for which its efficacy is linked to inhibiting lysosomal antigen processing, MHC-II antigen presentation, and TLR functions.HCQ is generally well-tolerated although severe life-threatening adverse effects including cardiomyopathy and conduction defects have been reported.HCQ use in COVID-19 should be discouraged outside clinical trials under strict medical supervision.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/07853890.2020.1839959HydroxychloroquineCOVID-19cardiotoxicitymechanism of action |
| spellingShingle | Pankaj Bansal Amandeep Goyal Austin Cusick Shubham Lahan Harpal S. Dhaliwal Poonam Bhyan Pradnya Brijmohan Bhattad Fawad Aslam Sagar Ranka Tarun Dalia Lovely Chhabra Devang Sanghavi Bhavin Sonani John M. Davis Hydroxychloroquine: a comprehensive review and its controversial role in coronavirus disease 2019 Annals of Medicine Hydroxychloroquine COVID-19 cardiotoxicity mechanism of action |
| title | Hydroxychloroquine: a comprehensive review and its controversial role in coronavirus disease 2019 |
| title_full | Hydroxychloroquine: a comprehensive review and its controversial role in coronavirus disease 2019 |
| title_fullStr | Hydroxychloroquine: a comprehensive review and its controversial role in coronavirus disease 2019 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hydroxychloroquine: a comprehensive review and its controversial role in coronavirus disease 2019 |
| title_short | Hydroxychloroquine: a comprehensive review and its controversial role in coronavirus disease 2019 |
| title_sort | hydroxychloroquine a comprehensive review and its controversial role in coronavirus disease 2019 |
| topic | Hydroxychloroquine COVID-19 cardiotoxicity mechanism of action |
| url | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/07853890.2020.1839959 |
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