Men’s mental health and suicide prevention service landscape in Australia: a scoping review

Abstract Background Men represent the majority of suicide deaths globally and men are more likely to die by suicide without contact with formal mental health services. In Australia, three-quarters of suicide deaths are men. If services were better able to meet their needs, men might be more likely t...

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Main Authors: Aimy Slade, Natalie M. Reily, Hiroko Fujimoto, Zac E. Seidler, Helen Christensen, Fiona Shand, Samantha Tang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-04-01
Series:BMC Public Health
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-22676-6
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author Aimy Slade
Natalie M. Reily
Hiroko Fujimoto
Zac E. Seidler
Helen Christensen
Fiona Shand
Samantha Tang
author_facet Aimy Slade
Natalie M. Reily
Hiroko Fujimoto
Zac E. Seidler
Helen Christensen
Fiona Shand
Samantha Tang
author_sort Aimy Slade
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Background Men represent the majority of suicide deaths globally and men are more likely to die by suicide without contact with formal mental health services. In Australia, three-quarters of suicide deaths are men. If services were better able to meet their needs, men might be more likely to seek help. In this scoping review, we sought to describe the formal and informal service landscape for men at risk of suicide in Australia, and to determine the extent of research evidence for the effectiveness of these in lowering suicidality, and improving mental health or help-seeking behaviours. We limited our investigation to Australian services, in order to comprehensively identify all community and health system services. Methods Relevant services and initiatives in Australia were identified through multiple methods: (1) a hand search of key websites and directories; (2) a systematic search of PsycINFO, Cochrane Central, EmBASE, and PubMed; and (3) suggestions by researchers, consumers and clinicians. Evaluations were also identified using multiple methods, including the initial systematic search, targeted website searches, and via multiple search engines. Findings are presented using narrative synthesis. Results Included services and initiatives (N = 88) were diverse in their characteristics (e.g., cost to the user, mode of delivery, location), however, there was considerable overlap in the types of components offered. Awareness and education were the most commonly offered (84.1% of services and initiatives). Only 22.7% of services and initiatives had been formally evaluated and existing evaluations varied in quality. Pre-post intervention designs were most often used, and only three evaluations assessed outcomes in a randomised controlled trial. Conclusions The service landscape for Australian men is broad. However, there appears to be substantial overlap in the components offered by services and initiatives. The prevalence of awareness and education-based offerings is disproportionate to evidence about men’s preferences for support. There is a lack of high-quality evaluations. We conclude that the cohesiveness of men’s suicide prevention approaches must improve through service development and policy.
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spelling doaj-art-cf1e5698a24948dcaa04d58866d1bff12025-08-20T02:55:36ZengBMCBMC Public Health1471-24582025-04-0125114210.1186/s12889-025-22676-6Men’s mental health and suicide prevention service landscape in Australia: a scoping reviewAimy Slade0Natalie M. Reily1Hiroko Fujimoto2Zac E. Seidler3Helen Christensen4Fiona Shand5Samantha Tang6Black Dog Institute, University of New South WalesBlack Dog Institute, University of New South WalesBlack Dog Institute, University of New South WalesOrygenBlack Dog Institute, University of New South WalesBlack Dog Institute, University of New South WalesBlack Dog Institute, University of New South WalesAbstract Background Men represent the majority of suicide deaths globally and men are more likely to die by suicide without contact with formal mental health services. In Australia, three-quarters of suicide deaths are men. If services were better able to meet their needs, men might be more likely to seek help. In this scoping review, we sought to describe the formal and informal service landscape for men at risk of suicide in Australia, and to determine the extent of research evidence for the effectiveness of these in lowering suicidality, and improving mental health or help-seeking behaviours. We limited our investigation to Australian services, in order to comprehensively identify all community and health system services. Methods Relevant services and initiatives in Australia were identified through multiple methods: (1) a hand search of key websites and directories; (2) a systematic search of PsycINFO, Cochrane Central, EmBASE, and PubMed; and (3) suggestions by researchers, consumers and clinicians. Evaluations were also identified using multiple methods, including the initial systematic search, targeted website searches, and via multiple search engines. Findings are presented using narrative synthesis. Results Included services and initiatives (N = 88) were diverse in their characteristics (e.g., cost to the user, mode of delivery, location), however, there was considerable overlap in the types of components offered. Awareness and education were the most commonly offered (84.1% of services and initiatives). Only 22.7% of services and initiatives had been formally evaluated and existing evaluations varied in quality. Pre-post intervention designs were most often used, and only three evaluations assessed outcomes in a randomised controlled trial. Conclusions The service landscape for Australian men is broad. However, there appears to be substantial overlap in the components offered by services and initiatives. The prevalence of awareness and education-based offerings is disproportionate to evidence about men’s preferences for support. There is a lack of high-quality evaluations. We conclude that the cohesiveness of men’s suicide prevention approaches must improve through service development and policy.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-22676-6MenMental healthSuicide preventionServicesInitiatives
spellingShingle Aimy Slade
Natalie M. Reily
Hiroko Fujimoto
Zac E. Seidler
Helen Christensen
Fiona Shand
Samantha Tang
Men’s mental health and suicide prevention service landscape in Australia: a scoping review
BMC Public Health
Men
Mental health
Suicide prevention
Services
Initiatives
title Men’s mental health and suicide prevention service landscape in Australia: a scoping review
title_full Men’s mental health and suicide prevention service landscape in Australia: a scoping review
title_fullStr Men’s mental health and suicide prevention service landscape in Australia: a scoping review
title_full_unstemmed Men’s mental health and suicide prevention service landscape in Australia: a scoping review
title_short Men’s mental health and suicide prevention service landscape in Australia: a scoping review
title_sort men s mental health and suicide prevention service landscape in australia a scoping review
topic Men
Mental health
Suicide prevention
Services
Initiatives
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-22676-6
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