Development and Testing of a Compact Remote Time-Gated Raman Spectrometer for In Situ Lunar Exploration
Raman spectroscopy is capable of precisely identifying and analyzing the composition and properties of samples collected from the lunar surface, providing crucial data support for lunar scientific research. However, in situ Raman spectroscopy on the lunar surface faces challenges such as weak Raman...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-02-01
|
| Series: | Remote Sensing |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/5/860 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1850051752785608704 |
|---|---|
| author | Haiting Zhao Xiangfeng Liu Weiming Xu Daoyuantian Wen Jianan Xie Zhenqiang Zhang Ziqing Jiang Zongcheng Ling Zhiping He Rong Shu Jianyu Wang |
| author_facet | Haiting Zhao Xiangfeng Liu Weiming Xu Daoyuantian Wen Jianan Xie Zhenqiang Zhang Ziqing Jiang Zongcheng Ling Zhiping He Rong Shu Jianyu Wang |
| author_sort | Haiting Zhao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Raman spectroscopy is capable of precisely identifying and analyzing the composition and properties of samples collected from the lunar surface, providing crucial data support for lunar scientific research. However, in situ Raman spectroscopy on the lunar surface faces challenges such as weak Raman scattering from targets, alongside requirements for lightweight and long-distance detection. To address these challenges, time-gated Raman spectroscopy (TG-LRS) based on a passively Q-switched pulsed laser and a linear intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD), which enable simultaneous signal amplification and background suppression, has been developed to evaluate the impact of key operational parameters on Raman signal detection and to explore miniaturization optimization. The TG-LRS system includes a 40 mm zoom telescope, a passively Q-switched 532 nm pulsed laser, a fiber optic delay line, a miniature spectrometer, and a linear ICCD detector. It achieves an electronic gating width under 20 ns. Within a detection range of 1.1–3.0 m, the optimal delay time varies linearly from 20 to 33 ns. Raman signal intensity increases with image intensifier gain, while the signal-to-noise ratio peaks at a gain range of 800–900 V before declining. Furthermore, the effects of focal depth, telescope aperture, laser energy, and integration time were studied. The Raman spectra of lunar minerals were successfully obtained in the lab, confirming the system’s ability to suppress solar background light. This demonstrates the feasibility of in situ Raman spectroscopy on the lunar surface and offers strong technical support for future missions. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ceef4aa7705c47f7a5d723addf4f14ad |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj-art-ceef4aa7705c47f7a5d723addf4f14ad2025-08-20T02:53:02ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922025-02-0117586010.3390/rs17050860Development and Testing of a Compact Remote Time-Gated Raman Spectrometer for In Situ Lunar ExplorationHaiting Zhao0Xiangfeng Liu1Weiming Xu2Daoyuantian Wen3Jianan Xie4Zhenqiang Zhang5Ziqing Jiang6Zongcheng Ling7Zhiping He8Rong Shu9Jianyu Wang10Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200083, ChinaKey Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200083, ChinaKey Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200083, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaKey Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200083, ChinaKey Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200083, ChinaKey Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200083, ChinaShandong Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, School of Space Science and Physics, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, ChinaKey Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200083, ChinaKey Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200083, ChinaKey Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200083, ChinaRaman spectroscopy is capable of precisely identifying and analyzing the composition and properties of samples collected from the lunar surface, providing crucial data support for lunar scientific research. However, in situ Raman spectroscopy on the lunar surface faces challenges such as weak Raman scattering from targets, alongside requirements for lightweight and long-distance detection. To address these challenges, time-gated Raman spectroscopy (TG-LRS) based on a passively Q-switched pulsed laser and a linear intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD), which enable simultaneous signal amplification and background suppression, has been developed to evaluate the impact of key operational parameters on Raman signal detection and to explore miniaturization optimization. The TG-LRS system includes a 40 mm zoom telescope, a passively Q-switched 532 nm pulsed laser, a fiber optic delay line, a miniature spectrometer, and a linear ICCD detector. It achieves an electronic gating width under 20 ns. Within a detection range of 1.1–3.0 m, the optimal delay time varies linearly from 20 to 33 ns. Raman signal intensity increases with image intensifier gain, while the signal-to-noise ratio peaks at a gain range of 800–900 V before declining. Furthermore, the effects of focal depth, telescope aperture, laser energy, and integration time were studied. The Raman spectra of lunar minerals were successfully obtained in the lab, confirming the system’s ability to suppress solar background light. This demonstrates the feasibility of in situ Raman spectroscopy on the lunar surface and offers strong technical support for future missions.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/5/860in situ lunar explorationRaman spectroscopyimage intensifiertime-gatedsignal-to-noise ratio |
| spellingShingle | Haiting Zhao Xiangfeng Liu Weiming Xu Daoyuantian Wen Jianan Xie Zhenqiang Zhang Ziqing Jiang Zongcheng Ling Zhiping He Rong Shu Jianyu Wang Development and Testing of a Compact Remote Time-Gated Raman Spectrometer for In Situ Lunar Exploration Remote Sensing in situ lunar exploration Raman spectroscopy image intensifier time-gated signal-to-noise ratio |
| title | Development and Testing of a Compact Remote Time-Gated Raman Spectrometer for In Situ Lunar Exploration |
| title_full | Development and Testing of a Compact Remote Time-Gated Raman Spectrometer for In Situ Lunar Exploration |
| title_fullStr | Development and Testing of a Compact Remote Time-Gated Raman Spectrometer for In Situ Lunar Exploration |
| title_full_unstemmed | Development and Testing of a Compact Remote Time-Gated Raman Spectrometer for In Situ Lunar Exploration |
| title_short | Development and Testing of a Compact Remote Time-Gated Raman Spectrometer for In Situ Lunar Exploration |
| title_sort | development and testing of a compact remote time gated raman spectrometer for in situ lunar exploration |
| topic | in situ lunar exploration Raman spectroscopy image intensifier time-gated signal-to-noise ratio |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/5/860 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT haitingzhao developmentandtestingofacompactremotetimegatedramanspectrometerforinsitulunarexploration AT xiangfengliu developmentandtestingofacompactremotetimegatedramanspectrometerforinsitulunarexploration AT weimingxu developmentandtestingofacompactremotetimegatedramanspectrometerforinsitulunarexploration AT daoyuantianwen developmentandtestingofacompactremotetimegatedramanspectrometerforinsitulunarexploration AT jiananxie developmentandtestingofacompactremotetimegatedramanspectrometerforinsitulunarexploration AT zhenqiangzhang developmentandtestingofacompactremotetimegatedramanspectrometerforinsitulunarexploration AT ziqingjiang developmentandtestingofacompactremotetimegatedramanspectrometerforinsitulunarexploration AT zongchengling developmentandtestingofacompactremotetimegatedramanspectrometerforinsitulunarexploration AT zhipinghe developmentandtestingofacompactremotetimegatedramanspectrometerforinsitulunarexploration AT rongshu developmentandtestingofacompactremotetimegatedramanspectrometerforinsitulunarexploration AT jianyuwang developmentandtestingofacompactremotetimegatedramanspectrometerforinsitulunarexploration |