Gas in Transition: An ARDL Analysis of Economic and Fuel Drivers in the European Union

This study investigates the short- and long-run drivers of natural gas consumption in the European Union using an ARDL bounds testing approach. The analysis incorporates GDP per capita, liquid fuel use, and solid fuel use as explanatory variables. Augmented Dickey–Fuller tests confirm mixed integrat...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Olena Pavlova, Kostiantyn Pavlov, Oksana Liashenko, Andrzej Jamróz, Sławomir Kopeć
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-07-01
Series:Energies
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/14/3876
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