Gas in Transition: An ARDL Analysis of Economic and Fuel Drivers in the European Union

This study investigates the short- and long-run drivers of natural gas consumption in the European Union using an ARDL bounds testing approach. The analysis incorporates GDP per capita, liquid fuel use, and solid fuel use as explanatory variables. Augmented Dickey–Fuller tests confirm mixed integrat...

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Main Authors: Olena Pavlova, Kostiantyn Pavlov, Oksana Liashenko, Andrzej Jamróz, Sławomir Kopeć
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-07-01
Series:Energies
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/14/3876
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author Olena Pavlova
Kostiantyn Pavlov
Oksana Liashenko
Andrzej Jamróz
Sławomir Kopeć
author_facet Olena Pavlova
Kostiantyn Pavlov
Oksana Liashenko
Andrzej Jamróz
Sławomir Kopeć
author_sort Olena Pavlova
collection DOAJ
description This study investigates the short- and long-run drivers of natural gas consumption in the European Union using an ARDL bounds testing approach. The analysis incorporates GDP per capita, liquid fuel use, and solid fuel use as explanatory variables. Augmented Dickey–Fuller tests confirm mixed integration orders, allowing valid ARDL estimation. The results reveal a statistically significant long-run relationship (cointegration) between gas consumption and the energy–economic system. In the short run, the use of liquid fuel exerts a strong positive influence on gas demand, while the effects of GDP materialise only after a two-year lag. Solid fuels show a delayed substitutive impact, reflecting the ongoing transition from coal. An error correction model confirms rapid convergence to equilibrium, with 77% of deviations corrected within one period. Recursive residual and CUSUM tests indicate structural stability over time. These findings highlight the responsiveness of EU gas demand to both economic and policy signals, offering valuable insights for energy modelling and strategic planning under the European Green Deal.
format Article
id doaj-art-cedcfdc0ba0b431aac633172ca7053b0
institution Kabale University
issn 1996-1073
language English
publishDate 2025-07-01
publisher MDPI AG
record_format Article
series Energies
spelling doaj-art-cedcfdc0ba0b431aac633172ca7053b02025-08-20T03:35:37ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732025-07-011814387610.3390/en18143876Gas in Transition: An ARDL Analysis of Economic and Fuel Drivers in the European UnionOlena Pavlova0Kostiantyn Pavlov1Oksana Liashenko2Andrzej Jamróz3Sławomir Kopeć4Faculty of Management, AGH University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicz 30, 30-059 Kraków, PolandFaculty of Economics and Management, Lesya Ukrainka Volyn National University, Voli Ave, 13, Lutsk, 43025 Volyn Region, UkraineFaculty of Economics and Management, Lesya Ukrainka Volyn National University, Voli Ave, 13, Lutsk, 43025 Volyn Region, UkraineFaculty of Management, AGH University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicz 30, 30-059 Kraków, PolandFaculty of Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicz 30, 30-059 Kraków, PolandThis study investigates the short- and long-run drivers of natural gas consumption in the European Union using an ARDL bounds testing approach. The analysis incorporates GDP per capita, liquid fuel use, and solid fuel use as explanatory variables. Augmented Dickey–Fuller tests confirm mixed integration orders, allowing valid ARDL estimation. The results reveal a statistically significant long-run relationship (cointegration) between gas consumption and the energy–economic system. In the short run, the use of liquid fuel exerts a strong positive influence on gas demand, while the effects of GDP materialise only after a two-year lag. Solid fuels show a delayed substitutive impact, reflecting the ongoing transition from coal. An error correction model confirms rapid convergence to equilibrium, with 77% of deviations corrected within one period. Recursive residual and CUSUM tests indicate structural stability over time. These findings highlight the responsiveness of EU gas demand to both economic and policy signals, offering valuable insights for energy modelling and strategic planning under the European Green Deal.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/14/3876natural gas consumptionARDL modelcointegrationenergy transitionerror correctionEuropean Union
spellingShingle Olena Pavlova
Kostiantyn Pavlov
Oksana Liashenko
Andrzej Jamróz
Sławomir Kopeć
Gas in Transition: An ARDL Analysis of Economic and Fuel Drivers in the European Union
Energies
natural gas consumption
ARDL model
cointegration
energy transition
error correction
European Union
title Gas in Transition: An ARDL Analysis of Economic and Fuel Drivers in the European Union
title_full Gas in Transition: An ARDL Analysis of Economic and Fuel Drivers in the European Union
title_fullStr Gas in Transition: An ARDL Analysis of Economic and Fuel Drivers in the European Union
title_full_unstemmed Gas in Transition: An ARDL Analysis of Economic and Fuel Drivers in the European Union
title_short Gas in Transition: An ARDL Analysis of Economic and Fuel Drivers in the European Union
title_sort gas in transition an ardl analysis of economic and fuel drivers in the european union
topic natural gas consumption
ARDL model
cointegration
energy transition
error correction
European Union
url https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/14/3876
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AT kostiantynpavlov gasintransitionanardlanalysisofeconomicandfueldriversintheeuropeanunion
AT oksanaliashenko gasintransitionanardlanalysisofeconomicandfueldriversintheeuropeanunion
AT andrzejjamroz gasintransitionanardlanalysisofeconomicandfueldriversintheeuropeanunion
AT sławomirkopec gasintransitionanardlanalysisofeconomicandfueldriversintheeuropeanunion