Optimization of Solid Lipid Microcapsule Matrix for Enhanced Release and Bioavailability of L-Lysine in Swine
L-lysine (L-Lys) is the first-limiting amino acid in swine nutrition, but free-form supplements exhibit poor intestinal absorption, reducing their bioavailability. This study aimed to enhance the gastric retention, controlled intestinal release, and systemic availability of L-Lys by optimizing solid...
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MDPI AG
2025-06-01
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| author | Costanza Bonnici Maria Federica Marchesi Martina Felici Federico Ghiselli Roberta Majer Benedetta Tugnoli Guglielmo Gallina Andrea Piva Ester Grilli |
| author_facet | Costanza Bonnici Maria Federica Marchesi Martina Felici Federico Ghiselli Roberta Majer Benedetta Tugnoli Guglielmo Gallina Andrea Piva Ester Grilli |
| author_sort | Costanza Bonnici |
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| description | L-lysine (L-Lys) is the first-limiting amino acid in swine nutrition, but free-form supplements exhibit poor intestinal absorption, reducing their bioavailability. This study aimed to enhance the gastric retention, controlled intestinal release, and systemic availability of L-Lys by optimizing solid lipid microcapsules (SLMs). SLMs were formulated using hydrogenated triglycerides (C16:0 or C18:1), free fatty acids, and varying emulsifier concentrations. Gastric retention and intestinal release were evaluated in vitro under simulated gastrointestinal conditions (a pepsin buffer at pH 5.0 for 2 h, followed by a pancreatin buffer at pH 6.5 for up to 8 h at 39 °C). SLMs with hydrogenated triglycerides showed significantly higher gastric retention (94–95%) than those with free fatty acids (48%). Specifically, C16:0 triglyceride-based SLMs achieved 74% intestinal release, which was enhanced to 90% with 1% emulsifier. This refined formulation was subsequently evaluated in vivo using weaned pigs (three groups; n = 4) fed a basal cornmeal diet. The treatments included a single oral administration of saline solution (placebo), free L-Lys (0.17 g/kg BW), or L-Lys SLMs (0.38 g/kg BW, equally providing L-Lys at 0.17 g/kg BW). The SLMs delayed the L-Lys plasma peak (T. max. 3–4 h vs. 1 h) and significantly increased the total L-Lys amount in the plasma over 24 h, demonstrating the enhanced relative bioavailability of encapsulated L-Lys. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
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| series | Animals |
| spelling | doaj-art-ced0a38dced146ffbb7aff59614a6d582025-08-20T03:26:24ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152025-06-011512180610.3390/ani15121806Optimization of Solid Lipid Microcapsule Matrix for Enhanced Release and Bioavailability of L-Lysine in SwineCostanza Bonnici0Maria Federica Marchesi1Martina Felici2Federico Ghiselli3Roberta Majer4Benedetta Tugnoli5Guglielmo Gallina6Andrea Piva7Ester Grilli8Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie (DIMEVET), Università di Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, ItalyDipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie (DIMEVET), Università di Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, ItalyVetagro S.p.A., via Porro 2, 42124 Reggio Emilia, ItalyVetagro S.p.A., via Porro 2, 42124 Reggio Emilia, ItalyVetagro S.p.A., via Porro 2, 42124 Reggio Emilia, ItalyVetagro S.p.A., via Porro 2, 42124 Reggio Emilia, ItalyVetspin Srl, via Toscanini 9, Villanova di Castenaso, 40055 Bologna, ItalyVetagro S.p.A., via Porro 2, 42124 Reggio Emilia, ItalyDipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie (DIMEVET), Università di Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, ItalyL-lysine (L-Lys) is the first-limiting amino acid in swine nutrition, but free-form supplements exhibit poor intestinal absorption, reducing their bioavailability. This study aimed to enhance the gastric retention, controlled intestinal release, and systemic availability of L-Lys by optimizing solid lipid microcapsules (SLMs). SLMs were formulated using hydrogenated triglycerides (C16:0 or C18:1), free fatty acids, and varying emulsifier concentrations. Gastric retention and intestinal release were evaluated in vitro under simulated gastrointestinal conditions (a pepsin buffer at pH 5.0 for 2 h, followed by a pancreatin buffer at pH 6.5 for up to 8 h at 39 °C). SLMs with hydrogenated triglycerides showed significantly higher gastric retention (94–95%) than those with free fatty acids (48%). Specifically, C16:0 triglyceride-based SLMs achieved 74% intestinal release, which was enhanced to 90% with 1% emulsifier. This refined formulation was subsequently evaluated in vivo using weaned pigs (three groups; n = 4) fed a basal cornmeal diet. The treatments included a single oral administration of saline solution (placebo), free L-Lys (0.17 g/kg BW), or L-Lys SLMs (0.38 g/kg BW, equally providing L-Lys at 0.17 g/kg BW). The SLMs delayed the L-Lys plasma peak (T. max. 3–4 h vs. 1 h) and significantly increased the total L-Lys amount in the plasma over 24 h, demonstrating the enhanced relative bioavailability of encapsulated L-Lys.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/15/12/1806lysinemicrocapsulesfeed additivesamino acid supplementationbioavailabilityfunctional properties |
| spellingShingle | Costanza Bonnici Maria Federica Marchesi Martina Felici Federico Ghiselli Roberta Majer Benedetta Tugnoli Guglielmo Gallina Andrea Piva Ester Grilli Optimization of Solid Lipid Microcapsule Matrix for Enhanced Release and Bioavailability of L-Lysine in Swine Animals lysine microcapsules feed additives amino acid supplementation bioavailability functional properties |
| title | Optimization of Solid Lipid Microcapsule Matrix for Enhanced Release and Bioavailability of L-Lysine in Swine |
| title_full | Optimization of Solid Lipid Microcapsule Matrix for Enhanced Release and Bioavailability of L-Lysine in Swine |
| title_fullStr | Optimization of Solid Lipid Microcapsule Matrix for Enhanced Release and Bioavailability of L-Lysine in Swine |
| title_full_unstemmed | Optimization of Solid Lipid Microcapsule Matrix for Enhanced Release and Bioavailability of L-Lysine in Swine |
| title_short | Optimization of Solid Lipid Microcapsule Matrix for Enhanced Release and Bioavailability of L-Lysine in Swine |
| title_sort | optimization of solid lipid microcapsule matrix for enhanced release and bioavailability of l lysine in swine |
| topic | lysine microcapsules feed additives amino acid supplementation bioavailability functional properties |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/15/12/1806 |
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