Thermal analysis of ternary hybrid nanofluid flow in convergent/divergent channel using Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology
Convergent/divergent channels represent a critical advancement in thermal management systems, offering enhanced heat transfer capabilities through geometrically optimized flow paths. This study investigates the thermal and hydrodynamic characteristics of UO2-ZnO-Fe3O4/EG-water ternary hybrid nanoflu...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Results in Physics |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211379725001871 |
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| author | Ibrahim Mahariq C.M. Mohana B. Rushi Kumar Kezzar Mohamed Mohamed Rafik SARI Hamiden Abd El-Wahed Khalifa Sunitha Nagarathnam |
| author_facet | Ibrahim Mahariq C.M. Mohana B. Rushi Kumar Kezzar Mohamed Mohamed Rafik SARI Hamiden Abd El-Wahed Khalifa Sunitha Nagarathnam |
| author_sort | Ibrahim Mahariq |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Convergent/divergent channels represent a critical advancement in thermal management systems, offering enhanced heat transfer capabilities through geometrically optimized flow paths. This study investigates the thermal and hydrodynamic characteristics of UO2-ZnO-Fe3O4/EG-water ternary hybrid nanofluid in rotating convergent/divergent channels with magnetohydrodynamic and radiation effects, a critical area for enhancing heat transfer efficiency in modern thermal management systems. Employing the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method coupled with a Box-Behnken design approach, we analyzed how key parameters affect flow behavior and heat transfer performance. The numerical simulations reveal that increasing the nanoparticle volume fraction from 0.01 to 0.06 enhances the Nusselt number by 27.3 %, while an increase in the magnetic parameter reduces the friction coefficient by 41.2 %. The Reynolds number demonstrates a strong positive correlation with the Nusselt number (R2 = 0.978). Maximum heat transfer (Nu = 33.4859) achieved at: α = 1°, Re = 40, φ = 3 %, Ha = 50, Rd = 1, Kn = 0.04, De = 0.5, Ro = 50, ε = 0, λ = 0.5 whereas a minimum flow resistance (Cf = -2.60454) occurred at: α = -3°, Re = 60, φ = 6 %, Ha = 25, Rd = 1, Kn = 0, De = 0.5, Ro = 50, ε = 0.2, λ = 0.5. For the convergent channel configuration (α = -3°), the friction coefficient was 28.3 % higher than in the divergent channel (α = 5°) under identical flow conditions. This work advances the field beyond previous studies by comprehensively analyzing the synergistic effects of rotation, magnetohydrodynamic, radiation, and channel geometry on the performance of ternary hybrid nanofluids, providing crucial insights for designing more efficient thermal systems in electronics cooling, heat exchangers, and industrial processing applications. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ce69208add9a40cfae4d7ec3b23d5ee5 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2211-3797 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Results in Physics |
| spelling | doaj-art-ce69208add9a40cfae4d7ec3b23d5ee52025-08-20T01:49:04ZengElsevierResults in Physics2211-37972025-07-017410829310.1016/j.rinp.2025.108293Thermal analysis of ternary hybrid nanofluid flow in convergent/divergent channel using Box-Behnken design of response surface methodologyIbrahim Mahariq0C.M. Mohana1B. Rushi Kumar2Kezzar Mohamed3Mohamed Rafik SARI4Hamiden Abd El-Wahed Khalifa5Sunitha Nagarathnam6University College, Korea University, Seoul 02481, South Korea; Najjad Zeenni Faculty of Engineering, Al Quds University, Jerusalem, Palestine; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan; GUST Engineering and Applied Innovation Research Center (GEAR), Gulf University for Science and Technology, Mishref, KuwaitDepartment of Mathematics, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, IndiaDepartment of Mathematics, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India; Corresponding authors.Materials and Energy Engineering Laboratory (LMGE), Technology Department, Faculty of Technology, 20 Aout 1955 University of Skikda, PO Box 26, 21000 Skikda, Algeria; Corresponding authors.Mechanics of Materials and Plant Maintenance Research Laboratory (LR3MI), Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Badji Mokhtar University of Annaba (UBMA), PO Box 12, 23052 Annaba, AlgeriaDepartment of Operations and Management Research, Faculty of Graduate Studies for Statistical Research, Cairo University, Giza 12613,EgyptCentre for Research in Computational and Applied Mechanics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South AfricaConvergent/divergent channels represent a critical advancement in thermal management systems, offering enhanced heat transfer capabilities through geometrically optimized flow paths. This study investigates the thermal and hydrodynamic characteristics of UO2-ZnO-Fe3O4/EG-water ternary hybrid nanofluid in rotating convergent/divergent channels with magnetohydrodynamic and radiation effects, a critical area for enhancing heat transfer efficiency in modern thermal management systems. Employing the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method coupled with a Box-Behnken design approach, we analyzed how key parameters affect flow behavior and heat transfer performance. The numerical simulations reveal that increasing the nanoparticle volume fraction from 0.01 to 0.06 enhances the Nusselt number by 27.3 %, while an increase in the magnetic parameter reduces the friction coefficient by 41.2 %. The Reynolds number demonstrates a strong positive correlation with the Nusselt number (R2 = 0.978). Maximum heat transfer (Nu = 33.4859) achieved at: α = 1°, Re = 40, φ = 3 %, Ha = 50, Rd = 1, Kn = 0.04, De = 0.5, Ro = 50, ε = 0, λ = 0.5 whereas a minimum flow resistance (Cf = -2.60454) occurred at: α = -3°, Re = 60, φ = 6 %, Ha = 25, Rd = 1, Kn = 0, De = 0.5, Ro = 50, ε = 0.2, λ = 0.5. For the convergent channel configuration (α = -3°), the friction coefficient was 28.3 % higher than in the divergent channel (α = 5°) under identical flow conditions. This work advances the field beyond previous studies by comprehensively analyzing the synergistic effects of rotation, magnetohydrodynamic, radiation, and channel geometry on the performance of ternary hybrid nanofluids, providing crucial insights for designing more efficient thermal systems in electronics cooling, heat exchangers, and industrial processing applications.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211379725001871Ternary Hybrid Nanofluids Convergent/Divergent Channels Non-linear Solar Radiation Variable thermal conductivity Heat Transfer Enhancement Box-Behnken Design |
| spellingShingle | Ibrahim Mahariq C.M. Mohana B. Rushi Kumar Kezzar Mohamed Mohamed Rafik SARI Hamiden Abd El-Wahed Khalifa Sunitha Nagarathnam Thermal analysis of ternary hybrid nanofluid flow in convergent/divergent channel using Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology Results in Physics Ternary Hybrid Nanofluids Convergent/Divergent Channels Non-linear Solar Radiation Variable thermal conductivity Heat Transfer Enhancement Box-Behnken Design |
| title | Thermal analysis of ternary hybrid nanofluid flow in convergent/divergent channel using Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology |
| title_full | Thermal analysis of ternary hybrid nanofluid flow in convergent/divergent channel using Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology |
| title_fullStr | Thermal analysis of ternary hybrid nanofluid flow in convergent/divergent channel using Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology |
| title_full_unstemmed | Thermal analysis of ternary hybrid nanofluid flow in convergent/divergent channel using Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology |
| title_short | Thermal analysis of ternary hybrid nanofluid flow in convergent/divergent channel using Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology |
| title_sort | thermal analysis of ternary hybrid nanofluid flow in convergent divergent channel using box behnken design of response surface methodology |
| topic | Ternary Hybrid Nanofluids Convergent/Divergent Channels Non-linear Solar Radiation Variable thermal conductivity Heat Transfer Enhancement Box-Behnken Design |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211379725001871 |
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