The effects of interleukin-21 in the biology of transplant rejection
Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a cytokine that plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses, affecting various immune cell types, including T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and dendritic cells. IL-21 is primarily produced by CD4+ T cells, particularly follicular helper T (Tfh) cells an...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1571828/full |
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| author | Xiandong Zeng Xiandong Zeng Yixiao Pan Yixiao Pan Qiang Xia Qiang Xia Kang He Kang He |
| author_facet | Xiandong Zeng Xiandong Zeng Yixiao Pan Yixiao Pan Qiang Xia Qiang Xia Kang He Kang He |
| author_sort | Xiandong Zeng |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a cytokine that plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses, affecting various immune cell types, including T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and dendritic cells. IL-21 is primarily produced by CD4+ T cells, particularly follicular helper T (Tfh) cells and Th17 cells, and has been shown to be extensively involved in regulating both innate and adaptive immunity. IL-21 is particularly significant in the differentiation, proliferation, and effector functions of T cells and B cells. In the context of organ transplantation, IL-21 contributes to the promotion of acute transplant rejection and the development of chronic rejection, which is primarily antibody-mediated. This review summarizes relevant studies on IL-21 and discusses its multifaceted roles in transplant immune rejection, providing insights into therapeutic strategies for either inhibiting graft rejection or promoting tolerance. It also explores the feasibility of blocking the IL-21 signaling pathway within current immunosuppressive regimens, aiming to provide further clinical references. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ce4e521e7237428884253a13eb6892f0 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj-art-ce4e521e7237428884253a13eb6892f02025-08-20T01:48:40ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242025-05-011610.3389/fimmu.2025.15718281571828The effects of interleukin-21 in the biology of transplant rejectionXiandong Zeng0Xiandong Zeng1Yixiao Pan2Yixiao Pan3Qiang Xia4Qiang Xia5Kang He6Kang He7Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, ChinaShanghai Engineering Research Center of Transplantation and Immunology, Shanghai, ChinaDepartment of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, ChinaShanghai Engineering Research Center of Transplantation and Immunology, Shanghai, ChinaDepartment of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, ChinaShanghai Engineering Research Center of Transplantation and Immunology, Shanghai, ChinaDepartment of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, ChinaShanghai Engineering Research Center of Transplantation and Immunology, Shanghai, ChinaInterleukin-21 (IL-21) is a cytokine that plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses, affecting various immune cell types, including T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and dendritic cells. IL-21 is primarily produced by CD4+ T cells, particularly follicular helper T (Tfh) cells and Th17 cells, and has been shown to be extensively involved in regulating both innate and adaptive immunity. IL-21 is particularly significant in the differentiation, proliferation, and effector functions of T cells and B cells. In the context of organ transplantation, IL-21 contributes to the promotion of acute transplant rejection and the development of chronic rejection, which is primarily antibody-mediated. This review summarizes relevant studies on IL-21 and discusses its multifaceted roles in transplant immune rejection, providing insights into therapeutic strategies for either inhibiting graft rejection or promoting tolerance. It also explores the feasibility of blocking the IL-21 signaling pathway within current immunosuppressive regimens, aiming to provide further clinical references.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1571828/fullinterleukin-21 (IL-21)T lymphocyteB lymphocytetransplant rejectionantibody-mediated rejection (AMR) |
| spellingShingle | Xiandong Zeng Xiandong Zeng Yixiao Pan Yixiao Pan Qiang Xia Qiang Xia Kang He Kang He The effects of interleukin-21 in the biology of transplant rejection Frontiers in Immunology interleukin-21 (IL-21) T lymphocyte B lymphocyte transplant rejection antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) |
| title | The effects of interleukin-21 in the biology of transplant rejection |
| title_full | The effects of interleukin-21 in the biology of transplant rejection |
| title_fullStr | The effects of interleukin-21 in the biology of transplant rejection |
| title_full_unstemmed | The effects of interleukin-21 in the biology of transplant rejection |
| title_short | The effects of interleukin-21 in the biology of transplant rejection |
| title_sort | effects of interleukin 21 in the biology of transplant rejection |
| topic | interleukin-21 (IL-21) T lymphocyte B lymphocyte transplant rejection antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1571828/full |
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