National-Level Consumption of Antimicrobials in the Veterinary Sector in Uganda: A Report on Analysis of Import Data for 2021
Background: Antimicrobials are crucial for animal health and food security. However, their overuse in animals can lead to the emergence of resistant microorganisms. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a global public health threat that impacts both animal and human health. The objective of this stu...
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MDPI AG
2025-02-01
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| Series: | Antibiotics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/14/2/150 |
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| author | Marion Murungi Patrick Vudriko Helen Byomire Ndagije Diana Nakitto Kesi Allan Serwanga Kalidi Rajab Leonard Manirakiza John Paul Waswa Hassan Kasujja Mark Barigye Ddembe Kaweesi Harriet Akello Juliet Namugambe Reuben Kiggundu Niranjan Konduri |
| author_facet | Marion Murungi Patrick Vudriko Helen Byomire Ndagije Diana Nakitto Kesi Allan Serwanga Kalidi Rajab Leonard Manirakiza John Paul Waswa Hassan Kasujja Mark Barigye Ddembe Kaweesi Harriet Akello Juliet Namugambe Reuben Kiggundu Niranjan Konduri |
| author_sort | Marion Murungi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Antimicrobials are crucial for animal health and food security. However, their overuse in animals can lead to the emergence of resistant microorganisms. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a global public health threat that impacts both animal and human health. The objective of this study was to estimate the antimicrobial consumption (AMC) of veterinary antimicrobials at the national level using import data from January to December 2021, available from the Uganda National Drug Authority (NDA). Methods: The World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) methodology was applied using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification codes for veterinary medicines. Results: Approximately 88,387.37 kg (88.39 tonnes) of veterinary antimicrobials were consumed in 2021. Parenteral veterinary antimicrobials accounted for 63.8% (56,375.65 kg) and oral veterinary antibacterials accounted for 36.2% (32,011.71 kg). Tetracyclines were the single most consumed veterinary antimicrobial class, accounting for 62.7% of total consumption. Oxytetracycline was the most consumed antibacterial (58.4%), followed by sulphadiazine + trimethoprim (11.1%), penicillin g/dihydrostreptomycin (7.4%), penicillin G procaine + dihydrostreptomycin (6.8%), and tetracycline (3.5%), respectively. Out of all imported veterinary antimicrobials, 76% belonged to the World Health Organization (WHO)’s Highly Important Antimicrobials (HIA) category, 16% to the Critically Important (CIA), and 9% to the Highest Priority Critically Important (HPCIA) categories. Imported colistin accounted for 0.1% of total veterinary consumption. Conclusions: This study contributes to understanding antimicrobial consumption in Uganda’s livestock sector and, for the NDA, leaves in place a system for routine surveillance at a national level. We recommend strict regulatory oversight on the importation and use of colistin and macrolides to address AMR. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ce481cb1d748411498fc49ae849b4d36 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2079-6382 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Antibiotics |
| spelling | doaj-art-ce481cb1d748411498fc49ae849b4d362025-08-20T02:44:55ZengMDPI AGAntibiotics2079-63822025-02-0114215010.3390/antibiotics14020150National-Level Consumption of Antimicrobials in the Veterinary Sector in Uganda: A Report on Analysis of Import Data for 2021Marion Murungi0Patrick Vudriko1Helen Byomire Ndagije2Diana Nakitto Kesi3Allan Serwanga4Kalidi Rajab5Leonard Manirakiza6John Paul Waswa7Hassan Kasujja8Mark Barigye9Ddembe Kaweesi10Harriet Akello11Juliet Namugambe12Reuben Kiggundu13Niranjan Konduri14USAID Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services (MTaPS) Program, Management Sciences for Health, Kampala P.O. Box 71419, UgandaCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 10217, UgandaNational Drug Authority, Kampala P.O. Box 23096, UgandaNational Drug Authority, Kampala P.O. Box 23096, UgandaNational Drug Authority, Kampala P.O. Box 23096, UgandaDepartment of Pharmacy, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, UgandaDepartment of Corporate Planning, Uganda National Bureau of Standards, Kampala, P.O. Box 6329, UgandaUSAID Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services (MTaPS) Program, Management Sciences for Health, Kampala P.O. Box 71419, UgandaUSAID Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services (MTaPS) Program, Management Sciences for Health, Kampala P.O. Box 71419, UgandaNational Drug Authority, Kampala P.O. Box 23096, UgandaUSAID Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services (MTaPS) Program, Management Sciences for Health, Kampala P.O. Box 71419, UgandaDepartment of Pharmaceuticals and Natural Medicines, Ministry of Health, Kampala P.O. Box 7272, UgandaFaculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UKUSAID Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services (MTaPS) Program, Management Sciences for Health, Kampala P.O. Box 71419, UgandaUSAID Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services (MTaPS) Program, Management Sciences for Health, Arlington, VA 22203, USABackground: Antimicrobials are crucial for animal health and food security. However, their overuse in animals can lead to the emergence of resistant microorganisms. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a global public health threat that impacts both animal and human health. The objective of this study was to estimate the antimicrobial consumption (AMC) of veterinary antimicrobials at the national level using import data from January to December 2021, available from the Uganda National Drug Authority (NDA). Methods: The World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) methodology was applied using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification codes for veterinary medicines. Results: Approximately 88,387.37 kg (88.39 tonnes) of veterinary antimicrobials were consumed in 2021. Parenteral veterinary antimicrobials accounted for 63.8% (56,375.65 kg) and oral veterinary antibacterials accounted for 36.2% (32,011.71 kg). Tetracyclines were the single most consumed veterinary antimicrobial class, accounting for 62.7% of total consumption. Oxytetracycline was the most consumed antibacterial (58.4%), followed by sulphadiazine + trimethoprim (11.1%), penicillin g/dihydrostreptomycin (7.4%), penicillin G procaine + dihydrostreptomycin (6.8%), and tetracycline (3.5%), respectively. Out of all imported veterinary antimicrobials, 76% belonged to the World Health Organization (WHO)’s Highly Important Antimicrobials (HIA) category, 16% to the Critically Important (CIA), and 9% to the Highest Priority Critically Important (HPCIA) categories. Imported colistin accounted for 0.1% of total veterinary consumption. Conclusions: This study contributes to understanding antimicrobial consumption in Uganda’s livestock sector and, for the NDA, leaves in place a system for routine surveillance at a national level. We recommend strict regulatory oversight on the importation and use of colistin and macrolides to address AMR.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/14/2/150antimicrobial resistanceantimicrobial use surveillanceantimicrobial consumptionveterinary antimicrobialsUgandaAfrica |
| spellingShingle | Marion Murungi Patrick Vudriko Helen Byomire Ndagije Diana Nakitto Kesi Allan Serwanga Kalidi Rajab Leonard Manirakiza John Paul Waswa Hassan Kasujja Mark Barigye Ddembe Kaweesi Harriet Akello Juliet Namugambe Reuben Kiggundu Niranjan Konduri National-Level Consumption of Antimicrobials in the Veterinary Sector in Uganda: A Report on Analysis of Import Data for 2021 Antibiotics antimicrobial resistance antimicrobial use surveillance antimicrobial consumption veterinary antimicrobials Uganda Africa |
| title | National-Level Consumption of Antimicrobials in the Veterinary Sector in Uganda: A Report on Analysis of Import Data for 2021 |
| title_full | National-Level Consumption of Antimicrobials in the Veterinary Sector in Uganda: A Report on Analysis of Import Data for 2021 |
| title_fullStr | National-Level Consumption of Antimicrobials in the Veterinary Sector in Uganda: A Report on Analysis of Import Data for 2021 |
| title_full_unstemmed | National-Level Consumption of Antimicrobials in the Veterinary Sector in Uganda: A Report on Analysis of Import Data for 2021 |
| title_short | National-Level Consumption of Antimicrobials in the Veterinary Sector in Uganda: A Report on Analysis of Import Data for 2021 |
| title_sort | national level consumption of antimicrobials in the veterinary sector in uganda a report on analysis of import data for 2021 |
| topic | antimicrobial resistance antimicrobial use surveillance antimicrobial consumption veterinary antimicrobials Uganda Africa |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/14/2/150 |
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