How the Terms “Spirituality” and “Secularism” Appeared and Have Worked in Modern India

This paper examines the usage of English terms related to the important religious concepts of “spirituality” and “secularism” in and around modern India, employing the simple DH (Digital Humanities) approach of “counting.” The seemingly opposite terms “spirituality” and “secularism” are both essenti...

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Main Author: KANA TOMIZAWA
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: World Scientific Publishing 2024-07-01
Series:The Journal of Indian and Asian Studies
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/10.1142/S2717541324400072
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author KANA TOMIZAWA
author_facet KANA TOMIZAWA
author_sort KANA TOMIZAWA
collection DOAJ
description This paper examines the usage of English terms related to the important religious concepts of “spirituality” and “secularism” in and around modern India, employing the simple DH (Digital Humanities) approach of “counting.” The seemingly opposite terms “spirituality” and “secularism” are both essential key notions for the religiosity of the modern world and India, particularly. Like opposite sides of the same coin, they form a conceptual pair that expresses modern universalism and have functioned to mediate and bridge differences in culture and values. Despite the importance, however, scholars have yet to examine how and when the terms themselves have been used thoroughly. This paper explores the usage of these terms in some English-language texts in and around modern India, focusing on the changes in the frequency of their use in the online databases of the Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda and the Times of India. These examinations show that these English words were used in more unique and active ways in India than is often assumed. The modern use of these terms was not necessarily due to Western influence but was, at least partly, developed by modern Indians. In some cases, the Indian usage may have even preceded and influenced the new appearance of these terms in the West. This paper suggests that what we perceive as “modern” is at least partly the product of the agency and participation of the non-Western world, including India.
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spelling doaj-art-cdede84f00ed4907aa03dbd2a6fa0fec2025-08-20T01:59:01ZengWorld Scientific PublishingThe Journal of Indian and Asian Studies2717-54132717-57662024-07-01050210.1142/S2717541324400072How the Terms “Spirituality” and “Secularism” Appeared and Have Worked in Modern IndiaKANA TOMIZAWAThis paper examines the usage of English terms related to the important religious concepts of “spirituality” and “secularism” in and around modern India, employing the simple DH (Digital Humanities) approach of “counting.” The seemingly opposite terms “spirituality” and “secularism” are both essential key notions for the religiosity of the modern world and India, particularly. Like opposite sides of the same coin, they form a conceptual pair that expresses modern universalism and have functioned to mediate and bridge differences in culture and values. Despite the importance, however, scholars have yet to examine how and when the terms themselves have been used thoroughly. This paper explores the usage of these terms in some English-language texts in and around modern India, focusing on the changes in the frequency of their use in the online databases of the Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda and the Times of India. These examinations show that these English words were used in more unique and active ways in India than is often assumed. The modern use of these terms was not necessarily due to Western influence but was, at least partly, developed by modern Indians. In some cases, the Indian usage may have even preceded and influenced the new appearance of these terms in the West. This paper suggests that what we perceive as “modern” is at least partly the product of the agency and participation of the non-Western world, including India.https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/10.1142/S2717541324400072OrientalismspiritualitysecularismDH (Digital Humanities)religiosityoverlapping modernity
spellingShingle KANA TOMIZAWA
How the Terms “Spirituality” and “Secularism” Appeared and Have Worked in Modern India
The Journal of Indian and Asian Studies
Orientalism
spirituality
secularism
DH (Digital Humanities)
religiosity
overlapping modernity
title How the Terms “Spirituality” and “Secularism” Appeared and Have Worked in Modern India
title_full How the Terms “Spirituality” and “Secularism” Appeared and Have Worked in Modern India
title_fullStr How the Terms “Spirituality” and “Secularism” Appeared and Have Worked in Modern India
title_full_unstemmed How the Terms “Spirituality” and “Secularism” Appeared and Have Worked in Modern India
title_short How the Terms “Spirituality” and “Secularism” Appeared and Have Worked in Modern India
title_sort how the terms spirituality and secularism appeared and have worked in modern india
topic Orientalism
spirituality
secularism
DH (Digital Humanities)
religiosity
overlapping modernity
url https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/10.1142/S2717541324400072
work_keys_str_mv AT kanatomizawa howthetermsspiritualityandsecularismappearedandhaveworkedinmodernindia