A Review of Three-Dimensional Electric Field Sensors
Three-dimensional electric field sensors (3D EFSs) can simultaneously measure electric field components in three mutually orthogonal directions and comprehensively capture the spatial distribution and dynamic changes of the electric field. They can be widely used in atmospheric science, smart grids,...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Micromachines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/16/7/737 |
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| _version_ | 1849732961508786176 |
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| author | Xiaonan Li Yu Gu Zehao Li Zijian He Pengfei Yang Chunrong Peng |
| author_facet | Xiaonan Li Yu Gu Zehao Li Zijian He Pengfei Yang Chunrong Peng |
| author_sort | Xiaonan Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Three-dimensional electric field sensors (3D EFSs) can simultaneously measure electric field components in three mutually orthogonal directions and comprehensively capture the spatial distribution and dynamic changes of the electric field. They can be widely used in atmospheric science, smart grids, aerospace, target detection, and other fields. This paper deeply analyzes the latest progress in 3D EFSs, focusing on four major types of sensors: DC field mill, electro-optic effect, capacitive sensing, and microelectromechanical system (MEMS). It elaborates on their working principles, structural design, and decoupling calibration methods. At the same time, the advantages and disadvantages of various types of 3D EFSs and their applications in different fields are analyzed. Finally, the challenges faced by 3D EFS technology and its future development direction are discussed. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-cdd94c47cb574ed596e4a65a73b40218 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2072-666X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Micromachines |
| spelling | doaj-art-cdd94c47cb574ed596e4a65a73b402182025-08-20T03:08:10ZengMDPI AGMicromachines2072-666X2025-06-0116773710.3390/mi16070737A Review of Three-Dimensional Electric Field SensorsXiaonan Li0Yu Gu1Zehao Li2Zijian He3Pengfei Yang4Chunrong Peng5School of Applied Science, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, ChinaSchool of Applied Science, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, ChinaSchool of Applied Science, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, ChinaSchool of Applied Science, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, ChinaSchool of Applied Science, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, ChinaThree-dimensional electric field sensors (3D EFSs) can simultaneously measure electric field components in three mutually orthogonal directions and comprehensively capture the spatial distribution and dynamic changes of the electric field. They can be widely used in atmospheric science, smart grids, aerospace, target detection, and other fields. This paper deeply analyzes the latest progress in 3D EFSs, focusing on four major types of sensors: DC field mill, electro-optic effect, capacitive sensing, and microelectromechanical system (MEMS). It elaborates on their working principles, structural design, and decoupling calibration methods. At the same time, the advantages and disadvantages of various types of 3D EFSs and their applications in different fields are analyzed. Finally, the challenges faced by 3D EFS technology and its future development direction are discussed.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/16/7/7373D EFSsprinciple and designdecoupling calibration methodssensitivity and resolution |
| spellingShingle | Xiaonan Li Yu Gu Zehao Li Zijian He Pengfei Yang Chunrong Peng A Review of Three-Dimensional Electric Field Sensors Micromachines 3D EFSs principle and design decoupling calibration methods sensitivity and resolution |
| title | A Review of Three-Dimensional Electric Field Sensors |
| title_full | A Review of Three-Dimensional Electric Field Sensors |
| title_fullStr | A Review of Three-Dimensional Electric Field Sensors |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Review of Three-Dimensional Electric Field Sensors |
| title_short | A Review of Three-Dimensional Electric Field Sensors |
| title_sort | review of three dimensional electric field sensors |
| topic | 3D EFSs principle and design decoupling calibration methods sensitivity and resolution |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/16/7/737 |
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