Unveiling the roles, mechanisms and prospects of soil microbial communities in sustainable agriculture

Abstract Soil hosts diverse microbial communities including bacteria, fungi, archaea, protozoans and nematodes among others, which are fundamental to sustainable agriculture and drive essential processes that underpin soil fertility, plant health, and ecosystem resilience. They promote plant growth...

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Main Authors: Kelvin Kiprotich, Esther Muema, Clabe Wekesa, Tavasi Ndombi, John Muoma, Dennis Omayio, Dennis Ochieno, Hamond Motsi, Sipho Mncedi, Janet Tarus
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Springer 2025-02-01
Series:Discover Soil
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1007/s44378-025-00037-4
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author Kelvin Kiprotich
Esther Muema
Clabe Wekesa
Tavasi Ndombi
John Muoma
Dennis Omayio
Dennis Ochieno
Hamond Motsi
Sipho Mncedi
Janet Tarus
author_facet Kelvin Kiprotich
Esther Muema
Clabe Wekesa
Tavasi Ndombi
John Muoma
Dennis Omayio
Dennis Ochieno
Hamond Motsi
Sipho Mncedi
Janet Tarus
author_sort Kelvin Kiprotich
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Soil hosts diverse microbial communities including bacteria, fungi, archaea, protozoans and nematodes among others, which are fundamental to sustainable agriculture and drive essential processes that underpin soil fertility, plant health, and ecosystem resilience. They promote plant growth through mechanisms like nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, production of growth-promoting substances, enhancement of nutrient uptake, improvement of soil structure and detoxification of harmful substances. Recently, there has been increasing interest in utilizing microorganisms to improve soil health and boost plant growth and efficiency, despite limited understanding of microbial diversity, microbe-plant interactions, and translating laboratory findings to field conditions. This interest is driven by the urgent need to feed the growing global population, placing pressure on arable land to produce high-quality yields. Conventionally, synthetic fertilizers have been extensively used to provide nutrients, promote plant growth, and increase crop productivity. Although synthetic fertilizers have revolutionized agriculture since the green revolution, their overuse has significantly harmed soil health, and reduced crop productivity. This review synthesizes the current knowledge on the mechanisms by which soil microbes influence sustainable agricultural practices, with a focus on soil nutrient cycling and plant–microbe interactions. We discuss the functions and mechanisms of important microbial groups, such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria (PSB), and fungi. Furthermore, we discuss the factors that influence soil microbial communities and highlight gaps in future research to maximize their potential use in agriculture. Understanding the significance and key mechanisms of microbial communities increases the potential of harnessing soil microbes as vital contributors to soil health and sustainable agriculture.
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spelling doaj-art-cdd38918b6b34e9986e80890ac3458672025-08-20T02:15:06ZengSpringerDiscover Soil3005-12232025-02-012112410.1007/s44378-025-00037-4Unveiling the roles, mechanisms and prospects of soil microbial communities in sustainable agricultureKelvin Kiprotich0Esther Muema1Clabe Wekesa2Tavasi Ndombi3John Muoma4Dennis Omayio5Dennis Ochieno6Hamond Motsi7Sipho Mncedi8Janet Tarus9Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agrisciences, Stellenbosch UniversityDepartment of Soil Science, Faculty of Agrisciences, Stellenbosch UniversityMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyDepartment of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Masinde Muliro University of Science and TechnologyDepartment of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Masinde Muliro University of Science and TechnologyDepartment of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Masinde Muliro University of Science and TechnologyDepartment of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Masinde Muliro University of Science and TechnologyDepartment of Soil Science, Faculty of Agrisciences, Stellenbosch UniversityDepartment of Soil Science, Faculty of Agrisciences, Stellenbosch UniversityDepartment of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Masinde Muliro University of Science and TechnologyAbstract Soil hosts diverse microbial communities including bacteria, fungi, archaea, protozoans and nematodes among others, which are fundamental to sustainable agriculture and drive essential processes that underpin soil fertility, plant health, and ecosystem resilience. They promote plant growth through mechanisms like nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, production of growth-promoting substances, enhancement of nutrient uptake, improvement of soil structure and detoxification of harmful substances. Recently, there has been increasing interest in utilizing microorganisms to improve soil health and boost plant growth and efficiency, despite limited understanding of microbial diversity, microbe-plant interactions, and translating laboratory findings to field conditions. This interest is driven by the urgent need to feed the growing global population, placing pressure on arable land to produce high-quality yields. Conventionally, synthetic fertilizers have been extensively used to provide nutrients, promote plant growth, and increase crop productivity. Although synthetic fertilizers have revolutionized agriculture since the green revolution, their overuse has significantly harmed soil health, and reduced crop productivity. This review synthesizes the current knowledge on the mechanisms by which soil microbes influence sustainable agricultural practices, with a focus on soil nutrient cycling and plant–microbe interactions. We discuss the functions and mechanisms of important microbial groups, such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria (PSB), and fungi. Furthermore, we discuss the factors that influence soil microbial communities and highlight gaps in future research to maximize their potential use in agriculture. Understanding the significance and key mechanisms of microbial communities increases the potential of harnessing soil microbes as vital contributors to soil health and sustainable agriculture.https://doi.org/10.1007/s44378-025-00037-4Nitrogen fixationPhosphorus solubilizing bacteriaSoil microorganismSoil health
spellingShingle Kelvin Kiprotich
Esther Muema
Clabe Wekesa
Tavasi Ndombi
John Muoma
Dennis Omayio
Dennis Ochieno
Hamond Motsi
Sipho Mncedi
Janet Tarus
Unveiling the roles, mechanisms and prospects of soil microbial communities in sustainable agriculture
Discover Soil
Nitrogen fixation
Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria
Soil microorganism
Soil health
title Unveiling the roles, mechanisms and prospects of soil microbial communities in sustainable agriculture
title_full Unveiling the roles, mechanisms and prospects of soil microbial communities in sustainable agriculture
title_fullStr Unveiling the roles, mechanisms and prospects of soil microbial communities in sustainable agriculture
title_full_unstemmed Unveiling the roles, mechanisms and prospects of soil microbial communities in sustainable agriculture
title_short Unveiling the roles, mechanisms and prospects of soil microbial communities in sustainable agriculture
title_sort unveiling the roles mechanisms and prospects of soil microbial communities in sustainable agriculture
topic Nitrogen fixation
Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria
Soil microorganism
Soil health
url https://doi.org/10.1007/s44378-025-00037-4
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