Application of a mixed additive and multiplicative random error model to generate DTM products from LiDAR data

Digital terrain model (DTM) has wide-ranging applications in numerous fields, including natural resource management, urban planning, environmental protection, and disaster monitoring. Utilizing LiDAR data to generate DTM is now a mainstream method. In current applications, LiDAR data are still treat...

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Main Authors: Li Guohong, Xin Huijuan, Song Xiaohui, Rehan Khan
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: De Gruyter 2025-05-01
Series:Open Geosciences
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2025-0809
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author Li Guohong
Xin Huijuan
Song Xiaohui
Rehan Khan
author_facet Li Guohong
Xin Huijuan
Song Xiaohui
Rehan Khan
author_sort Li Guohong
collection DOAJ
description Digital terrain model (DTM) has wide-ranging applications in numerous fields, including natural resource management, urban planning, environmental protection, and disaster monitoring. Utilizing LiDAR data to generate DTM is now a mainstream method. In current applications, LiDAR data are still treated as having primarily additive errors; however, studies have shown that it is affected by both additive and multiplicative errors. From the perspective of error theory and surveying adjustment, it is theoretically inappropriate to treat mixed additive and multiplicative errors directly as additive errors, as each error model is based on a distinct theoretical framework. In view of this, we applied the mixed additive and multiplicative error theory to the generation of LiDAR-derived DTM products and validated its accuracy through two real measurement cases and one simulation case. The experimental results demonstrate that the mixed additive and multiplicative errors theory provides higher accuracy than the additive error theory in both DTM fitting and interpolation. This confirms that incorporating the mixed additive and multiplicative error theory into DTM product generation is beneficial.
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spelling doaj-art-cd87c76dcc164bc5acf8ceb05c3448ee2025-08-20T02:01:39ZengDe GruyterOpen Geosciences2391-54472025-05-011711412710.1515/geo-2025-0809Application of a mixed additive and multiplicative random error model to generate DTM products from LiDAR dataLi Guohong0Xin Huijuan1Song Xiaohui2Rehan Khan3College of Geomatics, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, 710054, ChinaCollege of Economics and Management, Guilin University of Technology AT Nanning, Fusui, 543200, ChinaCollege of Geomatics, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, 710054, ChinaCollege of Geomatics, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, 710054, ChinaDigital terrain model (DTM) has wide-ranging applications in numerous fields, including natural resource management, urban planning, environmental protection, and disaster monitoring. Utilizing LiDAR data to generate DTM is now a mainstream method. In current applications, LiDAR data are still treated as having primarily additive errors; however, studies have shown that it is affected by both additive and multiplicative errors. From the perspective of error theory and surveying adjustment, it is theoretically inappropriate to treat mixed additive and multiplicative errors directly as additive errors, as each error model is based on a distinct theoretical framework. In view of this, we applied the mixed additive and multiplicative error theory to the generation of LiDAR-derived DTM products and validated its accuracy through two real measurement cases and one simulation case. The experimental results demonstrate that the mixed additive and multiplicative errors theory provides higher accuracy than the additive error theory in both DTM fitting and interpolation. This confirms that incorporating the mixed additive and multiplicative error theory into DTM product generation is beneficial.https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2025-0809digital terrain modelmixed additive and multiplicative random errors modeladditive errorslidar
spellingShingle Li Guohong
Xin Huijuan
Song Xiaohui
Rehan Khan
Application of a mixed additive and multiplicative random error model to generate DTM products from LiDAR data
Open Geosciences
digital terrain model
mixed additive and multiplicative random errors model
additive errors
lidar
title Application of a mixed additive and multiplicative random error model to generate DTM products from LiDAR data
title_full Application of a mixed additive and multiplicative random error model to generate DTM products from LiDAR data
title_fullStr Application of a mixed additive and multiplicative random error model to generate DTM products from LiDAR data
title_full_unstemmed Application of a mixed additive and multiplicative random error model to generate DTM products from LiDAR data
title_short Application of a mixed additive and multiplicative random error model to generate DTM products from LiDAR data
title_sort application of a mixed additive and multiplicative random error model to generate dtm products from lidar data
topic digital terrain model
mixed additive and multiplicative random errors model
additive errors
lidar
url https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2025-0809
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AT xinhuijuan applicationofamixedadditiveandmultiplicativerandomerrormodeltogeneratedtmproductsfromlidardata
AT songxiaohui applicationofamixedadditiveandmultiplicativerandomerrormodeltogeneratedtmproductsfromlidardata
AT rehankhan applicationofamixedadditiveandmultiplicativerandomerrormodeltogeneratedtmproductsfromlidardata