Definiteness at the syntax-semantics interface: testing the acquisition of English articles by Kuwaiti Arabic speakers in relative clause contexts

Abstract The present study investigates the acquisition of English articles in relative clause contexts by L1 Kuwaiti Arabic speakers. We propose a testing instrument designed to evaluate the use of the definite and indefinite articles in restrictive relative clauses, focusing on the impact of L1 tr...

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Main Authors: Marta Tryzna, Ivan Ivanov, Yousuf AlBader
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: SpringerOpen 2025-03-01
Series:Language Testing in Asia
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40468-025-00351-2
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author Marta Tryzna
Ivan Ivanov
Yousuf AlBader
author_facet Marta Tryzna
Ivan Ivanov
Yousuf AlBader
author_sort Marta Tryzna
collection DOAJ
description Abstract The present study investigates the acquisition of English articles in relative clause contexts by L1 Kuwaiti Arabic speakers. We propose a testing instrument designed to evaluate the use of the definite and indefinite articles in restrictive relative clauses, focusing on the impact of L1 transfer effects. Specifically, we test four conditions involving definite and indefinite nouns modified by restrictive relative clauses, with or without an overt relativizer “that”. The participants (N = 117) were divided into four proficiency levels, ranging from low intermediate to advanced learners of English, and completed a forced-choice elicitation task with 24 test items. Findings show a facilitative L1 transfer effect in the acquisition of the definite article, with a higher accuracy rate in advanced learners, whereas the indefinite article proved to be a greater learning challenge due to the lack of morphological realization in Kuwaiti Arabic. Optionality, observed in indefinite contexts, highlights the persistent difficulty that L1 Arabic speakers face in acquiring L2 English article distinctions at the syntax-semantics interface. These findings suggest that while learners can converge towards target-like grammar, transfer effects and limited positive and negative evidence in input delay the process, with significant pedagogical implications for ESL teaching in Arabic-speaking contexts.
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spelling doaj-art-cd8091e5ef57407e9b8e93c7bd2de5cf2025-08-20T03:40:45ZengSpringerOpenLanguage Testing in Asia2229-04432025-03-0115112210.1186/s40468-025-00351-2Definiteness at the syntax-semantics interface: testing the acquisition of English articles by Kuwaiti Arabic speakers in relative clause contextsMarta Tryzna0Ivan Ivanov1Yousuf AlBader2Gulf University for Science & TechnologyThammasat UniversityPublic Authority for Applied Education and TrainingAbstract The present study investigates the acquisition of English articles in relative clause contexts by L1 Kuwaiti Arabic speakers. We propose a testing instrument designed to evaluate the use of the definite and indefinite articles in restrictive relative clauses, focusing on the impact of L1 transfer effects. Specifically, we test four conditions involving definite and indefinite nouns modified by restrictive relative clauses, with or without an overt relativizer “that”. The participants (N = 117) were divided into four proficiency levels, ranging from low intermediate to advanced learners of English, and completed a forced-choice elicitation task with 24 test items. Findings show a facilitative L1 transfer effect in the acquisition of the definite article, with a higher accuracy rate in advanced learners, whereas the indefinite article proved to be a greater learning challenge due to the lack of morphological realization in Kuwaiti Arabic. Optionality, observed in indefinite contexts, highlights the persistent difficulty that L1 Arabic speakers face in acquiring L2 English article distinctions at the syntax-semantics interface. These findings suggest that while learners can converge towards target-like grammar, transfer effects and limited positive and negative evidence in input delay the process, with significant pedagogical implications for ESL teaching in Arabic-speaking contexts.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40468-025-00351-2Second language acquisitionEnglish articlesKuwaiti ArabicRelative clausesSyntax-semantics interfaceTransfer effects
spellingShingle Marta Tryzna
Ivan Ivanov
Yousuf AlBader
Definiteness at the syntax-semantics interface: testing the acquisition of English articles by Kuwaiti Arabic speakers in relative clause contexts
Language Testing in Asia
Second language acquisition
English articles
Kuwaiti Arabic
Relative clauses
Syntax-semantics interface
Transfer effects
title Definiteness at the syntax-semantics interface: testing the acquisition of English articles by Kuwaiti Arabic speakers in relative clause contexts
title_full Definiteness at the syntax-semantics interface: testing the acquisition of English articles by Kuwaiti Arabic speakers in relative clause contexts
title_fullStr Definiteness at the syntax-semantics interface: testing the acquisition of English articles by Kuwaiti Arabic speakers in relative clause contexts
title_full_unstemmed Definiteness at the syntax-semantics interface: testing the acquisition of English articles by Kuwaiti Arabic speakers in relative clause contexts
title_short Definiteness at the syntax-semantics interface: testing the acquisition of English articles by Kuwaiti Arabic speakers in relative clause contexts
title_sort definiteness at the syntax semantics interface testing the acquisition of english articles by kuwaiti arabic speakers in relative clause contexts
topic Second language acquisition
English articles
Kuwaiti Arabic
Relative clauses
Syntax-semantics interface
Transfer effects
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s40468-025-00351-2
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