New Trends in the Methodologies of Determination of Benzodiazepine Residues in Biological Samples

The benzodiazepines are essential drugs used in medicine for anxiolytic, sedative, and hypnotic effects. According to the World Health Organization, the benzodiazepines are the most prescribed hypnotic drugs in the last decade (2010 at time), and their inappropriate use can damage the environment an...

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Main Authors: Israel S. Ibarra, Isaí Vázquez-Garrido, Gabriela Islas, Juan F. Flores-Aguilar
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-04-01
Series:Separations
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/12/4/95
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author Israel S. Ibarra
Isaí Vázquez-Garrido
Gabriela Islas
Juan F. Flores-Aguilar
author_facet Israel S. Ibarra
Isaí Vázquez-Garrido
Gabriela Islas
Juan F. Flores-Aguilar
author_sort Israel S. Ibarra
collection DOAJ
description The benzodiazepines are essential drugs used in medicine for anxiolytic, sedative, and hypnotic effects. According to the World Health Organization, the benzodiazepines are the most prescribed hypnotic drugs in the last decade (2010 at time), and their inappropriate use can damage the environment and human health. The availability of efficient analytical methods is crucial for the determination of these drugs in a complex matrix such as biological samples in clinical settings. In the last decade, several methods have been developed and have been applied to the detection and determination of benzodiazepines or their derivates. The present manuscript reviews selective and sensitive methodologies based on chromatographic, electrophoretic, and electrochemical systems for the determination of benzodiazepines in biological samples, covering the time of the last years and providing detailed information on sample pretreatment and instrumental conditions.
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spelling doaj-art-cd7a96acaa954cb0b85a87bf042d46612025-08-20T02:18:15ZengMDPI AGSeparations2297-87392025-04-011249510.3390/separations12040095New Trends in the Methodologies of Determination of Benzodiazepine Residues in Biological SamplesIsrael S. Ibarra0Isaí Vázquez-Garrido1Gabriela Islas2Juan F. Flores-Aguilar3Área Académica de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carr. Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, Mineral de la Reforma 42184, Hidalgo, MexicoÁrea Académica de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carr. Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, Mineral de la Reforma 42184, Hidalgo, MexicoÁrea de Ingeniería Agroindustrial, Universidad Politécnica de Francisco I. Madero, Domicilio Conocido, Tepatepec 42640, Hidalgo, MexicoÁrea Académica de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carr. Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, Mineral de la Reforma 42184, Hidalgo, MexicoThe benzodiazepines are essential drugs used in medicine for anxiolytic, sedative, and hypnotic effects. According to the World Health Organization, the benzodiazepines are the most prescribed hypnotic drugs in the last decade (2010 at time), and their inappropriate use can damage the environment and human health. The availability of efficient analytical methods is crucial for the determination of these drugs in a complex matrix such as biological samples in clinical settings. In the last decade, several methods have been developed and have been applied to the detection and determination of benzodiazepines or their derivates. The present manuscript reviews selective and sensitive methodologies based on chromatographic, electrophoretic, and electrochemical systems for the determination of benzodiazepines in biological samples, covering the time of the last years and providing detailed information on sample pretreatment and instrumental conditions.https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/12/4/95benzodiazepinesbiological sampleschromatographic systemelectrophoretic systemelectrochemical systemssample pretreatment
spellingShingle Israel S. Ibarra
Isaí Vázquez-Garrido
Gabriela Islas
Juan F. Flores-Aguilar
New Trends in the Methodologies of Determination of Benzodiazepine Residues in Biological Samples
Separations
benzodiazepines
biological samples
chromatographic system
electrophoretic system
electrochemical systems
sample pretreatment
title New Trends in the Methodologies of Determination of Benzodiazepine Residues in Biological Samples
title_full New Trends in the Methodologies of Determination of Benzodiazepine Residues in Biological Samples
title_fullStr New Trends in the Methodologies of Determination of Benzodiazepine Residues in Biological Samples
title_full_unstemmed New Trends in the Methodologies of Determination of Benzodiazepine Residues in Biological Samples
title_short New Trends in the Methodologies of Determination of Benzodiazepine Residues in Biological Samples
title_sort new trends in the methodologies of determination of benzodiazepine residues in biological samples
topic benzodiazepines
biological samples
chromatographic system
electrophoretic system
electrochemical systems
sample pretreatment
url https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/12/4/95
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