Implications of hormonal carcinogenesis for transgender and gender-diverse people undergoing gender-affirming hormone therapy: an up-to-date review
Transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) individuals face an elevated risk of cancer in comparison with the general population. This increased risk is primarily attributed to an imbalanced exposure to modifiable risk factors and a limited adherence to cancer screening programmes, stemming from historica...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMJ Publishing Group
2024-07-01
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| Series: | BMJ Oncology |
| Online Access: | https://bmjoncology.bmj.com/content/3/1/e000330.full |
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| author | Matteo Lambertini Filippo Pietrantonio Dario Trapani Francesco Perrone Rossana Berardi Saverio Cinieri Chiara Cassani Amelia Barcellini Filippo Ghelardi Alberto Giovanni Leone Stefania Bonadonna Marianna Sirico Barbara Tagliaferri Stefano Maccarone Davide Dalu Lorenzo Ruggieri Simone Nardin Nicla La Verde |
| author_facet | Matteo Lambertini Filippo Pietrantonio Dario Trapani Francesco Perrone Rossana Berardi Saverio Cinieri Chiara Cassani Amelia Barcellini Filippo Ghelardi Alberto Giovanni Leone Stefania Bonadonna Marianna Sirico Barbara Tagliaferri Stefano Maccarone Davide Dalu Lorenzo Ruggieri Simone Nardin Nicla La Verde |
| author_sort | Matteo Lambertini |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) individuals face an elevated risk of cancer in comparison with the general population. This increased risk is primarily attributed to an imbalanced exposure to modifiable risk factors and a limited adherence to cancer screening programmes, stemming from historical social and economic marginalisation. Consequently, these factors contribute to poorer clinical outcomes in terms of cancer diagnosis and mortality. A focal point of interest is the potential carcinogenic effect of gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT). It is crucial to recognise that GAHT serves as an essential, life-saving treatment for TGD individuals. Therefore, if a demonstrated direct correlation between GAHT and elevated cancer risk emerges, essential shared decision-making discussions should occur between oncology practitioners and patients. This narrative review aims to collect and discuss evidence regarding potential correlations between GAHT and the most prevalent tumours known to be influenced by sex hormones. The objective is to comprehend how these potential carcinogenic effects impact health and inform health interventions for TGD individuals. Unfortunately, the scarcity of epidemiological data on cancer incidence in the TGD population persists due to the absence of sexual orientation and gender identity data collection in cancer centres. Consequently, in most cases, establishing a positive or negative correlation between GAHT and cancer risk remains speculative. There is an urgent need for concerted efforts from researchers and clinicians worldwide to overcome barriers and enhance cancer prevention and care in this specific population. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-cd6d545d3744429793ab86b364cf13fe |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2752-7948 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-07-01 |
| publisher | BMJ Publishing Group |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMJ Oncology |
| spelling | doaj-art-cd6d545d3744429793ab86b364cf13fe2025-01-30T06:45:14ZengBMJ Publishing GroupBMJ Oncology2752-79482024-07-013110.1136/bmjonc-2024-000330Implications of hormonal carcinogenesis for transgender and gender-diverse people undergoing gender-affirming hormone therapy: an up-to-date reviewMatteo Lambertini0Filippo Pietrantonio1Dario Trapani2Francesco Perrone3Rossana Berardi4Saverio Cinieri5Chiara Cassani6Amelia Barcellini7Filippo Ghelardi8Alberto Giovanni Leone9Stefania Bonadonna10Marianna Sirico11Barbara Tagliaferri12Stefano Maccarone13Davide Dalu14Lorenzo Ruggieri15Simone Nardin16Nicla La Verde17Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Genova, ItalyMedical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, ItalyEuropean Institute of Oncology, Milan, ItalyClinical Trial Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Fondazione Pascale, Naples, ItalyOncology Clinic, AOU delle Marche, Ancona, ItalyMedical Oncology Unit, Ospedale di Summa A, Brindisi, ItalyDepartment of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, ItalyClinical Department, Radiation Oncology Unit, National Center for Oncological Hadronthrapy (CNAO), Pavia, ItalyMedical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, ItalyMedical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, ItalyDepartment of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, ItalyDepartment of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Meldola, ItalyMedical Oncology Unit, Maugeri Clinical Research Institutes IRCCS, Pavia, ItalyMaugeri Clinical Research Institutes IRCCS, Pavia, ItalyDepartment of Oncology, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, ItalyDepartment of Oncology, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, ItalyDepartment of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, ItalyDepartment of Oncology, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, ItalyTransgender and gender-diverse (TGD) individuals face an elevated risk of cancer in comparison with the general population. This increased risk is primarily attributed to an imbalanced exposure to modifiable risk factors and a limited adherence to cancer screening programmes, stemming from historical social and economic marginalisation. Consequently, these factors contribute to poorer clinical outcomes in terms of cancer diagnosis and mortality. A focal point of interest is the potential carcinogenic effect of gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT). It is crucial to recognise that GAHT serves as an essential, life-saving treatment for TGD individuals. Therefore, if a demonstrated direct correlation between GAHT and elevated cancer risk emerges, essential shared decision-making discussions should occur between oncology practitioners and patients. This narrative review aims to collect and discuss evidence regarding potential correlations between GAHT and the most prevalent tumours known to be influenced by sex hormones. The objective is to comprehend how these potential carcinogenic effects impact health and inform health interventions for TGD individuals. Unfortunately, the scarcity of epidemiological data on cancer incidence in the TGD population persists due to the absence of sexual orientation and gender identity data collection in cancer centres. Consequently, in most cases, establishing a positive or negative correlation between GAHT and cancer risk remains speculative. There is an urgent need for concerted efforts from researchers and clinicians worldwide to overcome barriers and enhance cancer prevention and care in this specific population.https://bmjoncology.bmj.com/content/3/1/e000330.full |
| spellingShingle | Matteo Lambertini Filippo Pietrantonio Dario Trapani Francesco Perrone Rossana Berardi Saverio Cinieri Chiara Cassani Amelia Barcellini Filippo Ghelardi Alberto Giovanni Leone Stefania Bonadonna Marianna Sirico Barbara Tagliaferri Stefano Maccarone Davide Dalu Lorenzo Ruggieri Simone Nardin Nicla La Verde Implications of hormonal carcinogenesis for transgender and gender-diverse people undergoing gender-affirming hormone therapy: an up-to-date review BMJ Oncology |
| title | Implications of hormonal carcinogenesis for transgender and gender-diverse people undergoing gender-affirming hormone therapy: an up-to-date review |
| title_full | Implications of hormonal carcinogenesis for transgender and gender-diverse people undergoing gender-affirming hormone therapy: an up-to-date review |
| title_fullStr | Implications of hormonal carcinogenesis for transgender and gender-diverse people undergoing gender-affirming hormone therapy: an up-to-date review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Implications of hormonal carcinogenesis for transgender and gender-diverse people undergoing gender-affirming hormone therapy: an up-to-date review |
| title_short | Implications of hormonal carcinogenesis for transgender and gender-diverse people undergoing gender-affirming hormone therapy: an up-to-date review |
| title_sort | implications of hormonal carcinogenesis for transgender and gender diverse people undergoing gender affirming hormone therapy an up to date review |
| url | https://bmjoncology.bmj.com/content/3/1/e000330.full |
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