Analysis of buprenorphine distribution patterns among pharmacies and hospitals in the USA from 2019 to 2023
Background Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a debilitating condition characterised by the overuse of opioid medications and the development of physical and/or psychological dependence. Consequences of this condition include chronic impairment, distress and later life-altering health conditions such as o...
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BMJ Publishing Group
2025-07-01
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| author | Brian J Piper Andrew George Maria Gikoska Anna K Florio |
| author_facet | Brian J Piper Andrew George Maria Gikoska Anna K Florio |
| author_sort | Brian J Piper |
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| description | Background Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a debilitating condition characterised by the overuse of opioid medications and the development of physical and/or psychological dependence. Consequences of this condition include chronic impairment, distress and later life-altering health conditions such as overdose, all of which have been highlighted by the prominence of OUD in the USA in recent years. Buprenorphine is a standard OUD treatment and commonly used for pain management. Understanding changes in distribution patterns across the USA is vital for continuing to improve outcomes for OUD patients.Methods This study used the Drug Enforcement Administration’s Automated Reports and Consolidated Ordering System (ARCOS) and the US Census Bureau Population Estimates databases to analyse changes in buprenorphine distribution among pharmacies and hospitals from 2019 to 2023, to determine temporal patterns and to identify state-level disparities using the data. The data were corrected for population to identify patterns of buprenorphine distribution in the USA from 2021 to 2022 and 2022 to 2023 through examining percent changes in milligrams per 100 population at the national and state levels.Results The year-to-year percent change of national buprenorphine distribution from pharmacies has remained positive but changed from a 12.2% increase from 2019 to 2020 (figure 4) to a four per cent increase every year from 2020 to 2023. From 2021 to 2022, there was a +4.9% increase in total grams of buprenorphine distributed to pharmacies and a 95% CI [−5.1, 14.9], with the District of Columbia, South Dakota and Nebraska outside of the 95% CI. Distribution to hospitals increased by 10.2% [-32.3, 52.7] during 2021–2022, with Hawaii, New Hampshire and Delaware being outside of 95% CI. From 2022 to 2023, there was an increase of +5.7% and 95% CI [−3.5, 14.9] in pharmacy distribution, with states including Washington, Rhode Island and Kansas remain outside of the 95% CI. Hospital distribution has decreased from twenty per cent between 2019 and 2020 (figure 4) to eighteen per cent between 2022 and 2023.Conclusion Following increases in buprenorphine distribution during the COVID pandemic, a consistent increase has continued year-over-year in most states and the country overall by both pharmacies and hospitals. Some states (eg, Rhode Island, Georgia, District of Columbia) have not followed this pattern. Notably, Hawaii went from the most negative percent change in hospital distribution to the most positive change in the timeframe analysed. This may offer opportunities to analyse more specific impacts of the increased buprenorphine distribution on populations and their outcomes associated with OUD. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-cd656e0ffb5646c3aff4c6473347ede7 |
| institution | DOAJ |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | BMJ Publishing Group |
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| spelling | doaj-art-cd656e0ffb5646c3aff4c6473347ede72025-08-20T03:12:31ZengBMJ Publishing GroupBMJ Open2044-60552025-07-0115710.1136/bmjopen-2024-094454Analysis of buprenorphine distribution patterns among pharmacies and hospitals in the USA from 2019 to 2023Brian J Piper0Andrew George1Maria Gikoska2Anna K Florio3Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, Pennsylvania, USAGeisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, Pennsylvania, USAGeisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, Pennsylvania, USAGeisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, Pennsylvania, USABackground Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a debilitating condition characterised by the overuse of opioid medications and the development of physical and/or psychological dependence. Consequences of this condition include chronic impairment, distress and later life-altering health conditions such as overdose, all of which have been highlighted by the prominence of OUD in the USA in recent years. Buprenorphine is a standard OUD treatment and commonly used for pain management. Understanding changes in distribution patterns across the USA is vital for continuing to improve outcomes for OUD patients.Methods This study used the Drug Enforcement Administration’s Automated Reports and Consolidated Ordering System (ARCOS) and the US Census Bureau Population Estimates databases to analyse changes in buprenorphine distribution among pharmacies and hospitals from 2019 to 2023, to determine temporal patterns and to identify state-level disparities using the data. The data were corrected for population to identify patterns of buprenorphine distribution in the USA from 2021 to 2022 and 2022 to 2023 through examining percent changes in milligrams per 100 population at the national and state levels.Results The year-to-year percent change of national buprenorphine distribution from pharmacies has remained positive but changed from a 12.2% increase from 2019 to 2020 (figure 4) to a four per cent increase every year from 2020 to 2023. From 2021 to 2022, there was a +4.9% increase in total grams of buprenorphine distributed to pharmacies and a 95% CI [−5.1, 14.9], with the District of Columbia, South Dakota and Nebraska outside of the 95% CI. Distribution to hospitals increased by 10.2% [-32.3, 52.7] during 2021–2022, with Hawaii, New Hampshire and Delaware being outside of 95% CI. From 2022 to 2023, there was an increase of +5.7% and 95% CI [−3.5, 14.9] in pharmacy distribution, with states including Washington, Rhode Island and Kansas remain outside of the 95% CI. Hospital distribution has decreased from twenty per cent between 2019 and 2020 (figure 4) to eighteen per cent between 2022 and 2023.Conclusion Following increases in buprenorphine distribution during the COVID pandemic, a consistent increase has continued year-over-year in most states and the country overall by both pharmacies and hospitals. Some states (eg, Rhode Island, Georgia, District of Columbia) have not followed this pattern. Notably, Hawaii went from the most negative percent change in hospital distribution to the most positive change in the timeframe analysed. This may offer opportunities to analyse more specific impacts of the increased buprenorphine distribution on populations and their outcomes associated with OUD.https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/15/7/e094454.full |
| spellingShingle | Brian J Piper Andrew George Maria Gikoska Anna K Florio Analysis of buprenorphine distribution patterns among pharmacies and hospitals in the USA from 2019 to 2023 BMJ Open |
| title | Analysis of buprenorphine distribution patterns among pharmacies and hospitals in the USA from 2019 to 2023 |
| title_full | Analysis of buprenorphine distribution patterns among pharmacies and hospitals in the USA from 2019 to 2023 |
| title_fullStr | Analysis of buprenorphine distribution patterns among pharmacies and hospitals in the USA from 2019 to 2023 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analysis of buprenorphine distribution patterns among pharmacies and hospitals in the USA from 2019 to 2023 |
| title_short | Analysis of buprenorphine distribution patterns among pharmacies and hospitals in the USA from 2019 to 2023 |
| title_sort | analysis of buprenorphine distribution patterns among pharmacies and hospitals in the usa from 2019 to 2023 |
| url | https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/15/7/e094454.full |
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