Reassessment of public awareness and prevention strategies for HIV and COVID-19 co-infections through epidemic modeling.
A co-infection model between HIV and COVID-19 that takes into account COVID-19 vaccination and public awareness is discussed in this article. Rigorous analysis of the model is conducted to establish the existence and local stability conditions of the single-infection models. We discover that when th...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2025-01-01
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| Series: | PLoS ONE |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0328488 |
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| author | Dipo Aldila Joseph Páez Chávez Bayu Nugroho Benjamin Idoko Omede Olumuyiwa James Peter Putri Zahra Kamalia |
| author_facet | Dipo Aldila Joseph Páez Chávez Bayu Nugroho Benjamin Idoko Omede Olumuyiwa James Peter Putri Zahra Kamalia |
| author_sort | Dipo Aldila |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | A co-infection model between HIV and COVID-19 that takes into account COVID-19 vaccination and public awareness is discussed in this article. Rigorous analysis of the model is conducted to establish the existence and local stability conditions of the single-infection models. We discover that when the corresponding reproduction number for COVID-19 and HIV exceeds one, the disease continues to exist in both single-infection models. Furthermore, HIV will always be eradicated if its reproduction number is less than one. Nevertheless, this does not apply to the single-infection COVID-19 model. Even when the fundamental reproduction number is less than one, an endemic equilibrium point may exist due to the potential for a backward bifurcation phenomenon. Consequently, in the single-infection COVID-19 model, bistability between the endemic and disease-free equilibrium may arise when the basic reproduction number is less than one. From the co-infection model, we find that the reproduction number of the co-infection model is the maximum value between the reproduction number of HIV and COVID-19. Our numerical continuation experiments on the co-infection model reveal a threshold indicating that both HIV and COVID-19 may coexist within the population. The disease-free equilibrium for both HIV and COVID-19 is stable only if the reproduction numbers are less than one. Additionally, our two-parameter continuation analysis of the bifurcation diagram shows that the condition where both reproduction numbers equal one serves as an organizing center for the dynamic behavior of the co-infection model. An extended version of our model incorporates four different interventions: face mask usage, vaccination, and public awareness for COVID-19, as well as condom use for HIV, formulated as an optimal control problem. The Pontryagin's Maximum Principle is employed to characterize the optimal control problem, which is solved using a forward-backward iterative method. Numerical investigations of the optimal control model highlight the critical role of a well-designed combination of interventions to achieve optimal reductions in the spread of both HIV and COVID-19. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-cd0b3a7bf2534a93b00286dce748a90e |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1932-6203 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PLoS ONE |
| spelling | doaj-art-cd0b3a7bf2534a93b00286dce748a90e2025-08-20T03:59:30ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032025-01-01207e032848810.1371/journal.pone.0328488Reassessment of public awareness and prevention strategies for HIV and COVID-19 co-infections through epidemic modeling.Dipo AldilaJoseph Páez ChávezBayu NugrohoBenjamin Idoko OmedeOlumuyiwa James PeterPutri Zahra KamaliaA co-infection model between HIV and COVID-19 that takes into account COVID-19 vaccination and public awareness is discussed in this article. Rigorous analysis of the model is conducted to establish the existence and local stability conditions of the single-infection models. We discover that when the corresponding reproduction number for COVID-19 and HIV exceeds one, the disease continues to exist in both single-infection models. Furthermore, HIV will always be eradicated if its reproduction number is less than one. Nevertheless, this does not apply to the single-infection COVID-19 model. Even when the fundamental reproduction number is less than one, an endemic equilibrium point may exist due to the potential for a backward bifurcation phenomenon. Consequently, in the single-infection COVID-19 model, bistability between the endemic and disease-free equilibrium may arise when the basic reproduction number is less than one. From the co-infection model, we find that the reproduction number of the co-infection model is the maximum value between the reproduction number of HIV and COVID-19. Our numerical continuation experiments on the co-infection model reveal a threshold indicating that both HIV and COVID-19 may coexist within the population. The disease-free equilibrium for both HIV and COVID-19 is stable only if the reproduction numbers are less than one. Additionally, our two-parameter continuation analysis of the bifurcation diagram shows that the condition where both reproduction numbers equal one serves as an organizing center for the dynamic behavior of the co-infection model. An extended version of our model incorporates four different interventions: face mask usage, vaccination, and public awareness for COVID-19, as well as condom use for HIV, formulated as an optimal control problem. The Pontryagin's Maximum Principle is employed to characterize the optimal control problem, which is solved using a forward-backward iterative method. Numerical investigations of the optimal control model highlight the critical role of a well-designed combination of interventions to achieve optimal reductions in the spread of both HIV and COVID-19.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0328488 |
| spellingShingle | Dipo Aldila Joseph Páez Chávez Bayu Nugroho Benjamin Idoko Omede Olumuyiwa James Peter Putri Zahra Kamalia Reassessment of public awareness and prevention strategies for HIV and COVID-19 co-infections through epidemic modeling. PLoS ONE |
| title | Reassessment of public awareness and prevention strategies for HIV and COVID-19 co-infections through epidemic modeling. |
| title_full | Reassessment of public awareness and prevention strategies for HIV and COVID-19 co-infections through epidemic modeling. |
| title_fullStr | Reassessment of public awareness and prevention strategies for HIV and COVID-19 co-infections through epidemic modeling. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Reassessment of public awareness and prevention strategies for HIV and COVID-19 co-infections through epidemic modeling. |
| title_short | Reassessment of public awareness and prevention strategies for HIV and COVID-19 co-infections through epidemic modeling. |
| title_sort | reassessment of public awareness and prevention strategies for hiv and covid 19 co infections through epidemic modeling |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0328488 |
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